psychology 100 chapters 1 through 3 prelim 1
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| define psychology | scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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| developmental psych | study of how people grow/change physically, cognitively, emotionally, and socially from prenatal period through death
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| psysiological psych | investigates biological basis of behavior
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| experimental psych | investigates basic psychological processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, learning, and motivation
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| personality psych | studies differences between individuals on such traits as sociability, emotional stability, conscientiousness, and self-esteem
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| clinical and counseling psych | applies principles of psychology to mental health and adjustment. clinical focuses on diagnosis and treatment of disorders while counseling is more concerned with "normal" adjustment issues such as coping with a troubled relationship
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| social psych | explores how society influences indivuals in their interpersonal attraction, persuasion, attitude formation, obedience, conformity, and group behavior
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| industrial and organizational psych | applies principles of psychology to workplace focusing on practical issues of personnel selection and training, working conditions, workplace morale, and leadership
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| what are five issues psychologists deal with in what it means to be human? | person/situation, nature/nurture, stability/change, diversity/universality, mind/body
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| what are the three main stages the history of psychology can be divided into? | the emergence of a science of the mind, the behaviorist decades, and the "cognitive revolution"
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| which psychologist was associated with memory, selective attention, and voluntarism? | Wundt
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| which psychologist broke down consciousness into three basic elements: physical sensations, feelings, and images and developed the structuralism theory? | Titchener
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| who challenged structuralism and had a functionalism theory? | James
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| who developed the psychodynamic theory which laid the foundation for the study of personality and psychological disorders? (deals with unconscious actions) | sigmund freud
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| who developed the behaviorism definition of psychology (psychology being the study of observable and measurable behavior and the result of conditioning) | Watson and Pavlov
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| Gestalt psychology | refers to our tendency to see patterns, and to distinguish objects from a background
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| humanistic psych | feelings and yearnings are key
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| cognitive psych | study of our mental processes in the broadest sense: thinking, feeling,learning, and remembering
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| evolutionary psych | focuses on origins of behavior patterns and mental processes, the adaptive value they have or had, and the functions they serve or served in our emergence as a distinct species
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| positive psych | psychology should devote more attention to the good life: the study of subjective feelings of happiness and well being, the development of intimacy, integrity. leadership, wisdom, etc. that incourage individuals to flourish
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| when did psychology become it's own separate divison? | late 1800s/ 19th century
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| a group within a larger society that shares a certain set of values beliefs outlooks and norms of behavior | subculture
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| naturalistic observation | studying human or animal behavior in natural context
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| main drawback of naturalistic observation | observer bias- may not record things if they think it's irrelevant
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| case study | detailed description of one person or a few individuals
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| drawback of case study | can't draw general conclusions from one individual
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| survey research | carefully selected group of people is asked a set of predetermined questions
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| draw of survey research | people often go for the socially "correct" answer
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| drawback of correlational research | doesn't explain cause and effect, no basis on drawing conclusions
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| what kind of research allows psychologists to examine relationships between two or more variables without manipulating any variable | correlational
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| the method of research best suited to explaining behavior is... | experimental
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| to ensure results of a particular study apply to a larger population, research use... | random or representative samples
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| what are the five main career paths for students majoring in psych? | psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, clinical psychologist, counseling psychologist, and social worker
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| neurons that collect messages | sensory or afferent neurons
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| neurons that transmit messages from cns to muscles and glands | motor or efferent neurons
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| neurons that carry messages from one neuron to the other | interneurons or association neurons
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| glial cells | hold neurons in place, provide nourishment, remove waste, prevent harmful substances from passing through blood into brain, and form myelin sheath
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| all or none law | every firing of a particular neuron produces an impulse of the same strength
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| resting potential/polarized | more negative ions inside the neuron than outside
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| neural impulse/action potential | electrical charge, or depolarized neuron
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| graded potential | a small temporary shift in electrical charge
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| acetylcholine | involved in arousal, attention, memory, motivation, and movement. associated with muscle action
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| dopamine | involved in wide variety of behaviors/emotions including pleasure and pain
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| serotonin | involved in regulation of sleep, dreaing, mood, eating, pain, and aggressive behavior. associated with depression
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| norepinephrine | affects arousal, wakefulness, learning, memory, and mood
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| endorphins | involved in inhibition of pain, released during strenuous exercise (runners high)
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| neural plasticity | brain changes in response to organisms experiences
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| hippocampus | brain structure involved in forming memories
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| neurogenesis | production of new brain cells
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| somatic nervous system | transmits info about body movements and the external environment
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| autonomic nervous system | transmits info to and from internal organs and glands
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| medulla | controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure (is right above spinal cord in hindbrain)
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| pons | produces chemicals that maintain our sleep-wake cycle(above medulla)
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| cerebellum | contains more neurons than rest of brain, controls emotions, memory, attention, and coordination
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| thalamus | relay station:all info passes through here
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| hypothalamus | influence on motivation: hunger, thirst, sex drive, thus responsible for emotional behavior: rage, terror, pleasure
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| reticular formation | netlike system of neurons that weave through all structure that send alert signals in response to incoming messages
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| cerebral cortex | thin layer of gray matter that covers cerebrum and processes thought, vision, language, and emotions. takes up most of the room in skull
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| prefrontal cortex | plays a crucial role in goal directed behavior, impulse control, and judgment
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| frontal lobe | coordinates messages from other cerebral lobes; involved in complex problem solving
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| primary motor cortex | part of frontal lobe, sends messages to muscles adn glands and plays key role in voluntary movement
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| central fissure | separates primary somatosensory cortex from primary motor cortex
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| primary somatosensory cortex | registers sensory messages from entire body
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| parietal lobe | receives sensory info from sense receptors all over body, involved in spatial abilities
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| temporal lobe | balance, emotion, understanding language, hearing
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| occipital lobe | vision
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| limibic system consists of.. | hippocampus and amygdala
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| amygdala | governs emotions related to self-preservation
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| corpus callosum | band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres
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| which hemisphere is responsible for learning to read and processing language? | left
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| which hemisphere deals with visual and spacial tasks including music, face recognition, perception of emotion and color | right
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| aphasias | when strokes produce predictable language problems
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| "expressive" aphasia is linked to... | Broca's area
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| "receptive" aphasia is linked to... | Wernicke's area
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| microelectrode techniques | used to study functions of individual neurons
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| macroelectrode techniques | used to obtain a picture of the activity in a particular region of the brain
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| structural imaging | family of techniques used to map structures in living brain
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| functional imaging | family of techniques that image activity in brain as it responds to various stimuli
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| what is the main difference between the nervous and endocrine system? | speed. hormones travel much slower than a nerve impulse
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| pineal gland | secretes melanonin, regulates sleep-wake cycle
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| pituitary gland | controlled by hypothalmus, regulates other glands, also involved in growth, uterine contractions, and milk production
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| parathyroids | regulate calcium and phosphate levels, influencing excitability
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| thyroid | secretes thyroxin which regulates metabolism
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| pancreas | regulate blood sugar levels with hormones insulin and glucagon
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| adrenal | adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla secretes hormones involved in stress and arousal when physically threatened
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| ovaries | secrete estrogen
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| testes | secrete testosterone
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| transduction | the process of converting physical energy such as light or sound into electrochemical codes
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| absolute threshold | the minimum intensity that physical energy reaching a receptor cell musch achieve to produce sensation
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| sensory adaptation | senses automatically adjust to the overall
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| difference threshold | smallest change in stimulation that you can detect 50% of the time (just noticeable difference). it varies according to the intensity of the stimulus
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| Weber's law | theory that the difference threshold is a constant fraction or proportion of the original stimulus
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| what converts energy into a neural signal | receptor cell
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| perception of sensory info that is below the threshold of awareness | subliminal perception
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| fovea | area of retina that is the center of the visual field
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| rods | receptor cells in the retina responsible for night vision and perception of brightness
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| cones | receptor cells in retina responsible for color vision
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| which receptor cell is found mainly in fovea? | cones, no rods are found here
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| bipolar cells | specialized neurons that rods and cones connect to which have only one axon and one dendrite
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| ganglion cells | neurons that connect bipolar cells in the eyes to the brain
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| blind spot | the place on the retina where the axons of all ganglion cells join to form the optic nerve. no receptor cells here
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| optic chiasm | where fibers from each optic nerve cross/meet in the center of the brain
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| trichromatic theory | 3 kinds of receptors in the retina (red, green, blue)
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| opponent-process theory | 3 pairs of receptors in retina (yellow-blue, red-green, black-white)
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| frequency | measured in cycles per second in unit called hertz
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| pitch | how high or low frequency is
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| amplitude | height of sound wave, determines loudness
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| overtones | accompanying sound waves that are different multiples of the frequency of the basic tone
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| timbre | texture of the sound
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| oval window | membrane across the opening between the middle ear and inner ear that conducts vibrations to the cochlea
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| cochlea | part of inner ear containing fluid that vibrates, which in turn causes basilar membrane to vibrate
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| basilar membrane | vibrating membrane in cochlea, contains sense receptors for sound
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| organ of Corti | on surface of basilar membrane, contains receptor cells for hearing
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| auditory nerve | bundle of axons that carries signals from ears to brain
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| place theory | pitch is determined by location of greatest vibration on basilar membrane
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| frequency theory | pitch is determined by frequency with which hair cells in cochlea fire
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| volley principle | receptors in ear fire in sequence, complete pattern of firing corresponds to frequency of sound wave
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| kinesthetic senses | senses of muscle movement, posture, and strain on muscles and joints
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| vestibular senses | orientation or position in space that hep determine which way is up and down
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| gate-control theory | a neurological gate in the spinal cord controls the transmission of pain impulses to the brain
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| biopsychosocial theory | pain sensations involve three interrelated phenomena:biological mechanisms, psychological mechanisms, and social mechanisms
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| skin sensations include | pressure, temperature, and pain
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| which senses provide awareness of our body's position? | kinesthetic
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| perceptual constancy | tendency to perceive objects as relatively stable and unchanging despite changing sensory info
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| monocular cues | visual message that one eye alone can trasnmit
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| binocular cues | require both eyes
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| interposition | deals with relative position, occurs when one objects partly blocks a second
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| stereoscopic vision | combination of two retinal images to give a three-dimensional perceptual experience
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| retinal disparity | binocular distance cue based on the difference between the images cast on the two retinas when both eyes are focused on the same object
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| convergence | depth cue from muscles controlling eye movement as the eyes turn inward to view a nearby stimulus
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| monaural cues | cues to sound location in one ear
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| autokinetic illusion | perceived motion created by absense of visual cues surrounding a single stationary object
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| stroboscopic motion | apparent motion created by a rapid series of still images
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