Stack #55169
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| Great American desert | lands between the Mississippi R. and the Pacific coast
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| mining frontier | started by gold rushes (Ca, SD, CO, NV, ID, AZ)
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| Comstock lode | discovered in 1859, produced 340 million dollars of gold and silver
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| chinese exclusion act | 1882, prohibited more chinese immigrants, became laborers
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| cattle drives | TX, raised and rounded up cattle> economic potential
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| vaqueros | Mexican cowboys
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| brabed wire | Invented by Joseph Glidden, helped farmers fence in their lands
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| Great PLains | land wasnt adequate for farming here, severe weather, etc
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| Oklahoma territory | once for native americans, open for settlement in 1889
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| frederick Jackson Turner | had a frontier thesis that settlement in frontier shaped society
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| reservations | large tracts of land assigned to plain tribes by the federal government
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| Indian wars | sporadic outbursts of fighting and U.S. troops and plains people
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| Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse | led @nd Sioux war
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| George Custer | colonel, army ambushed and defeated in 1876 by sitting bull n crazy horse
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| Little Big Horn | 2nd sioux war
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| Chief Joseph | had courageous efforts to lead Nez Perce into Canada, defeated 1877
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| Helen Hunt Jackson | wrote of NA injustices, led to assimilation...A Cantury of Dishonor
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| assimilationists | humanitarians that emphasized segregated formal education, conversion to Christianity
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| Dawes severalty act | 1887, to break up tribes, distribute acres, grant citizenship after 25 years of living there
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| Ghost dance movement | last effort, religious movement, famous medicine man killed
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| Wounded Knee | Dakotas, massacre, marked the end of the indian wars, 200 killed
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| Indian Reorganzation Act | 1934, promoted tribal establishments> 1.8 million NA's today
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| New south | recovering from the devastation of the civil war, visions of a self-sufficient economy based on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation
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| crop lien system | borrowing supplies from local merchants with a mortgage on their crops to be paid at harvest
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| George Washington Carver | African American scientist, promoted growing peanuts, sweet potatoes and soybeans, shifted southern agirculture toward a more diversified base
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| tuskegee institute | alabama, where George W. carver studied
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| Farmers' Southern Alliance | 1890, 1 million members, rallied whites to solve economic problems
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| Colored Farmers' National Alliance | 250, 000 members, rallied to solve economic problems
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| segregation laws | separating public facilities racially to treat African Americans as social inferiors
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| civil rights cases of 1883 | case, ruled that Congress couldnt legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens
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| Plessy v. Ferguson | 1896, landmark case, LA law required separate but equal accomodations for white and black passengers on RR's
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| Jim Crow laws | segregation laws adopted by southern states
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| grandfather clauses | could only vote if your grandfather voted before reconstruction
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| literacy tests and poll taxes | used as common obstacles for blacks to vote
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| Henry Turner | bishop, formed International Migration society, 1894, to help blacks migrate to Africa
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| Ida B Wells | editor of the Memphis free speech, a black newspaper, dedicated against lynching and the Jim crow laws
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| Booker T Washington | former slave, 1881, established industrial, agricultural schools for blacks
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| National Negro Business League | 1900, establishes countrywide chapters to support African American businesses
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| commercial farming | concentrated farms on cash crops (ex: corn and wheat) for markets
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| crop-price deflation | increased production and global competition drove prices down
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| national Grange movement | 1868 by Oliver Kelley, social educational org. for farmers and families, took political action to defend against middlemen, rr's etc
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| cooperatives | business owned/ run by farmers to save costs of middlemen
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| Granger laws | laws passed by lobbying legislatures, concerned RR's and elevators
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| Munn v. Illinois | 1877, Supreme court upheld states rights to regulate public businesses- like RR's
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| Wabash v. Illinois | 1886, individual states could not regulate interstate commerce
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| Interstate Commerce Act | 1886, requires RR's to be reasonable and just
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| farmers' alliances | alliances to serve farmers' needs for education on new methods, organized economic and political action
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| National Alliance | 1890, national organization of farmers met to address problems of rural America
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| Ocala Platform | direct election of senators, lower tariff rates, graduated income tax, new banking system
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