Organizational/ Structural Devices
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| Defining Characteristics: a claim and a reason stated in a combined sentence in which an underlying assumption or warrant remains unstated. | enthymeme
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| Function: makes the reader work out for himself/herself the underlying warrant; impresses the conclusion upon him/her in a gentler way than if it was spelled out for him/her directly | enthymeme
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| Do not eat wild mushrooms from the roots of trees because they are poisonous. | enthymeme
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| Defining Characteristics: a short, wise saying that serves as a general truth for a situation | sententia, maxim, or aphorism
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| Functions: concludes, summarizes, or introduces material with simple wisdom | sententia, maxim, or aphorism
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| Example: “No man is an island.” –John Donne | sententia, maxim, or aphorism
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| Defining Characteristics: placing two contrasting ideas or objects next to one another in order to draw attention to differences between ideas/objects and create greater contrast. | juxtaposition
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| Example: Whereas the Beaver’s family enjoyed dessert in dishes at the table, our mom sent us outside, and more often than not I went into the alley to peek over the neighbor’s fences and spy out fruit, apricots or peaches. | juxtaposition
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| Defining Characteristics: a brief statement of what has been said and what will follow | metabasis
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| Functions: summarizes and transitions from one point of discussion to what follows; keeps discussion ordered and clear in its progression | metabasis
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| Example: Now that you are aware of the universal understanding of marriage in a variety of cultures other than simply our own, we will move on to discussing the legal rights afforded to married couples. | metabasis
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| Defining Characteristics: raising one or more question and proceeding to answer it within a text | hypophora
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| Functions: maintains audience’s curiosity and interest; serves as a transitional device to guide change of discussion’s direction; raises questions that the reader likely has on his/her mind but not the knowledge to answer for himself/herself | hypophora
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| Example: What is integrity? Each person may define it differently, but most will likely attribute it to a sense of personal ethics and conduct that exists even when one is not in the presence of others. | hypophora
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| Defining Characteristics: a question asked in which there is an implied answer | rhetorical question
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| Function: emphasizes an idea by forcing the reader to draw a conclusion rather than simply giving it to him;provokes the reader to make a decision based on the facts at hand; may be answered based on the discussion that precedes the question | rhetorical question
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| Example: What is wrong with you? Were you raised in a barn? | rhetorical question
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| Defining Characteristics: anticipating an objection from the opposition or audience and responding it | procatalepsis
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| Function: moves an argument forward while taking into account reasons opposing the argument being made or the conclusions of the argument itself | procatalepsis
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| Example: Opponents frequently argue that year-round school eliminates the summer break, a time that allows for enrichment opportunities not offered in schools. | procatalepsis
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| Defining Characteristics: detailing parts, causes, effects, or consequences | enumeratio
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| Function: forcibly makes a point; creates a clearly defined list | enumeratio
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| Example: First, there is no precedent on this matter. Second, logic would dictate to do what is most cost-effective regardless of emotional ties. Third, we must keep up with our competition. (Pointing out central reasons of an argument) | enumeratio
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| Defining Characteristics: an explicit reference to a particular meaning or to the various meanings of a word | distinctio
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| Function: removes any room for confusion about a word’s meaning | distinctio
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| Example: By “unlikely,” I mean that there is really simply no chance of that happening. | distinctio
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| Defining Characteristics: mentioning a balancing or opposing fact (known as making a concession or conceding to a weakness in one’s own argument) | dirimens copulatio
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| Function: prevents the argument from being one-sided or unqualified | dirimens copulatio
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| Example: The benefits of Advanced Placement classes are far-reaching in terms of preparing students for college more than adequately. However, this is not to say that the courses are easy or that every student should take them. | diremens copulatio
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| Defining Characteristics: placing a good point next to a problem | antanagoge
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| Example: He may have hit me, but he apologized, crying because he felt so bad. | antanagoge
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| Example: It may be ridiculously humid in the summer, but you can’t really tell when you’re at the beach anyway. | antanagoge
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| Defining Characteristics: recalls a statement or part of a statement and expresses it in a different way for effect | metanoia
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| Function: qualifies a statement as stronger, milder, or more diplomatic | metanoia
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| Example: The chief concern of this committee is cheating-- not cheating on quizzes and homework so much as it is on plagiarism. | metanoia
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| Defining Characteristics: expresses doubt about a conclusion and may make suggestions without committing to any specifically | aporia
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| Function: can cast doubt in an understated way, dismiss assertions not central to one’s own argument without having to discuss them in detail; can begin an examination of an issue in order to resolve doubt | aporia
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| Example: I am unsure if there is a solitary solution, but it is clear that we must explore solutions regardless. | aporia
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| Defining Characteristics: interrupts the discussion and addresses directly a person or personified thing, either present or absent (or a real, anticipated member or group of the audience) | apostrophe
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| Function: used to vent or display intense emotion or to call specifically for action from an individual or a group | apostrophe
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| Example: It is with great hope, dear sisters, that we may obtain the right to vote through brave and unrelenting campaigning. | apostrophe
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