TTUISD science 8A vocabulary flash cards
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| atomic number | number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of a given element
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| electron | negatively charged particle that exists in an electron cloud formation around an atom's nucleus
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| electron cloud | region surrounding the nucleus of an atom, where electrons are most likely to be found
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| element | substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
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| half life | time it takes for half the atoms of a radioactive isotope to decay
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| isotope | atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
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| mass number | the sum of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom
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| neutron | electrically neutral particle that has the same mass as a proton and is found in an atom's nucleus.
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| proton | positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
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| radioactive decay | process in which some isotopes break down into other isotopes, releasing energy and particles from the nucleus
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| transmutation | the changing of one element into another through radioactive decay
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| catalyst | substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up itself of permanetly changed
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| group | family of elements in the periodic table that have similar physical or chemical properties
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| metal | element that has luster, is melleable and ductile, and is a good conductor of heat and electricity
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| metalloid | element element that shares some properties with metals and nonmetals
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| nonmetal | element that is usually a gas or a brittle solid at room temperature and is a poor conductor of heat and electricity
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| period | horizontal row of elements in the periodic table whose properties change gradually and predictably
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| representative element | elements in groups 1&2 and 13-18 in the periodic table that include metals, metalloids, and non metals
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| semiconductor | element that does not conduct electricity
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| synthetic elements | elements tat do not occur naturally and are mad in laboratories
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| transition element | elements in group 3-12 in the periodic table, all of which are metals
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| activation energy | minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
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| chemical equation | shorthand form for writing what reactants are used and what products are formed in a chemical reactions; sometimes shows whether energy is produced or absorbed
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| chemical reaction | process that produces chemical change, resulting in new substances that have properties different from those of the original substances
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| concentration | the amount of substance present in a certain volume
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| endothermic reaction | chemical reaction in which heat energy is absorbed
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| enzyme | a protein that helps chemical reactions in organisms occur more quickly
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| exothermic reaction | chemical reaction in which heat energy is released
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| inhibitor | substance that slows down a chemical reaction, making the formation of a certain amount of product take longer
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| product | substance that forms as a result of a chemical reaction
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| rate of reaction | measure of how fast a chemical reaction occurs
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| reactant | substance that exists before a chemical reaction begins
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| Archimedes' principle | states that buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced bu the object
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| buoyant force | upward force exerted on an object immersed in a fluid
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| condensation | change of matter from a gas to a liquid state, such as water vapor changing into a liquid
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| density | mass of an object divided by its volume
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| freezing | change of matter from a liquid state to a solid state
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| gas | matter that does not have a definite shape or volume; has particles that move at high speeds in all directions
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| heat | movement of thermal energy from a substance at a higher temperature to a substance at a lower temperature to a substance at a lower temperature
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| liquid | matter with a definite volume but no definite shape; can flow from one place to another
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| matter | anything that takes up space and has matter
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| melting | change of matter from a solid state to a liquid state
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| Pascal's principle | states that when a force is applied to a confined fluid, an increase in pressure is transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid
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| pressure | force exerted on a surface divided by the total area over which the force is exerted
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| solid | matter with a definite shape and volume; has tightly packed particles that move mainly by vibrating
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| temperature | measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual particles of a substance
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| vaporization | change of matter from a liquid state to a gas
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| amplitude | distance a wave rises above or falls below its normal level, which is related to the energy that the wave carries; in a transverse wave, this amount is one- half the distance between a crest and a troug
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| compressional wave | a type of mechanical wave in which matter in the medium moves forward and backward in the same direction
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| diffraction | bending of waves around a barrier
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| electromagnetic wave | transverse waves that can travel through matter or space and are produced by the motion of electrically charged particles; include X- rays, ultraviolet waves, and visible light
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| frequency | number of wavelengths that pass a given point in 1 second, measured in hertz
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| interference | ability of two or more waves to combine and form a new wave when they overlap
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| mechanical wave | a type of wave that can travel only through matter
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