Microbe-Human Interaction
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| Two ways human host can acquire infections | Exogenous & Endogenous
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| Characteristics of Exogenous infections | Originate outside the body
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| Characteristics of Endogenous infections | Originates from within the body
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| Resident flora | are antagonistic; compete for space & nutrients;benefit the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful organisms
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| Benefit of lactobacillus | lactobacillus responsible for the fermentation of glycogen which keeps thepH in the vagina acidic thus preventing the overgrowth of candida albicans
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| Benefit of ecoli | a protein produced by e-coli in the large intestine prevents groth of paathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and Shigella
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae | encapsulated gram + bacterium, naturally present in the upper resp tract; may be transmitted exogenously via hands, rubbing eyes, sneezing; can cause problems is it gets outside body or if host is in a weakened state
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| Opportunistic pathogen | takes advantage of host in a weakened state
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| Microbial antagonism | good microbes establish themselves in the host and prevent the invasion of pathogenic microbes
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| Examples of endogenous infections | UTI's, staph & strep
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| Pneumocystitis jiroveci, although harmless to healthy individuals, causes pneumonia in AIDS patients and is their leading cause of death. This microbe is a (an) | opportunistic pathogen
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| Viral attachment to host tissues and cells involves | Spikes
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| Polysaccharide capsules of bacteria are considered antiphagocytic because they | prevent adherence to the phagocyte
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| The exoenzyme coagulase, which is produced by staphylococcus aureus is considered an antiphagocytic factor because it | hides the bacteria in clotted plasma proteins
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| Exotoxins that destroy red blood cells are called | hemolysins
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| A primary resevoir of zoonotic infection is | bird
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| What fomite involved in indirect contact transmission of disease | fomites are inanimate objects = money
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| the most prevalent type of nosocomial infection is | UTI
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| Lysozyme is a host enzyme found in host tears perspiration and tissue fluids. How is it used to protect the host? | Lyse bacteria by degrading their cell walls
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| The complement system comprises a group of 26 blood proteins. How is it used to protect the host? | Lyse bacteria with membrane-attack complexes
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| Which immune cells produce histamine and trigger the inflammatory response? | basophils and mast cells
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| foreigh molecules, e.g. viral and bacterial proteins, that provoke an immune response are called | antigens
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| what process terminates and immune response once the infection is cleared from the body? | apoptosis of lymphocytes
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| Which immunoglobulin is a pentamer in the blood and is the first produced in response to an infection/ | IgM
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| Which immunoglobulin is a monomer and is the most abundant in the blood and tissue fluids? | IgG
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| Which immunoglobulin is a monomer in the blood, but is a dimer that is secreted in abundance on mucosal surfaces? | IgA
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| All blood cells are produced from stem cells that are located in the | bone marrow
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| T-lymphocytes mature in the | thymus
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| the most common type of antigen presenting cell (APC) is the | macrophage
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| A helper T lymphocyte uses cytokines to stimulate all of the following cells except | Natural killer T cells
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| Edward Jenner | developed the first vaccine tested successfully on a young boy in 1798 (Small pox)
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| The first vaccine was | attenuated (a weakened state of the original)
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| The 'a' in the DTaP stands for | acellular
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| Salk and Sabin vaccines were developed for | polio
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| Which disease was completely eradicated in 1977? | small pox
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| The coating of bacterial cells with antibodies, typically IgG or IgA, increases their adherence to phagocytes and enhances ingestion--this is known as | opsonization
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| the antibgody IgM enhances phagocytosis during the early stages of infection by binding to and clumping together bacterial cells-this is known as | agglutination
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| antibodies such as IgG and IgA prevent foreign microbes and molecules form damaging host cells and tissues by blocking attachment or entry--this is known as | Neutralization
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| antibodies such as IgM stimulate a class of serum proteins to punch holes in the bacterial cell membrane and cause bacterial cell death-this is known as: | Complement fixation
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