Lytle - APES Ch 2 Vocab
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| controlled experiment | an experiment designed to test the effects of independent variables on a dependent variable by changing only 1 independent variable at a time
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| deductive reasoning | drawing a conclusion from initial definitions and assumptions by means of logical reasoning
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| dependent variable | a variable that changes in response to changes in an independent variable; a variable taken as the outcome of 1 or more other variables
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| disprovability | the idea that a statement can be said o be scientific if someone can clearly state a method or test by which it might be disproved
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| fact | something that is known based on actual experience and observation
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| hypothesis | An explanation set forth in a manner that can be tested and disproved. A tested hypothesis is accepted until and unless it has been disproved.
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| independent variable | the variable that is manipulated by the investigator. In an observational study, it is the variable that is believed to affect an outcome, or dependent variable.
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| inductive reasoning | drawing a general conclusion from a limited set of specific observations
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| inference | 1) a conclusion derived by logical reasoning from premises and/or evidence (observations or facts), or 2) a conclusion, based on evidence, arrived at by insight or analogy, rather than derived solely by logical processes
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| manipulated variable | see independent variable
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| model | a deliberately simplified explanation, often physical, mathematical, pictorial, or computer-simulated, of complex phenomena or processes
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| observations | information obtained through 1 or more of the 5 senses or through instruments that extend the senses, such as a microscope or telescope.
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| operational definitions | definitions that tell you what you need to look for or do in or order to carry out an operation, such as measuring, constructing, or manipulating
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| premises | in science, initial definitions and assumptions
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| probability | the likelihood that an event will occur
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| pseudoscientific | describes ideas that are claimed to have scientific validity but are inherently untestable and/or lack empirical support and/or are arrived at through faulty reasoning or poor scientific methodology
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| qualitative data | Data distinguished by qualities or attributes that cannot be or are not expressed as quantities. For example color, shape, or relative size.
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| quantitative data | Data expressed as numbers or numerical measurements. For example, a frequency on the electromagnetic spectrum instead of a color.
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| responding variable | see dependent variable
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| scientific method | a set of systematic methods by which scientists investigate natural phenomena, including gathering data, formulating and testing hypotheses, and developing scientific theories and laws
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| scientific theory | a grand scheme that relates and explains many observations and is supported by a great deal of evidence, in contrast to a guess, a hypothesis, a prediction, a notion, or a belief
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| theories | scientific models that offer broad, fundamental explanations of related phenomena and are supported by consistent and extensive evidence
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