LS final
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| The assertion that development occurs from "womb to tomb" implies that | it is a lifelong experience.
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| Two important processes that underlie developmental changes are | maturation and learning.
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| An example of a maturational change would be | disappearance of an infant reflex at a predictable age.
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| Normative development consists of | developmental changes that are typical of many children.
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| The idea that human development is a holistic process suggests that | changes in one aspect of development have important implications for other aspects.
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| The plasticity principle states that the child | responds flexibly to changes in his or her life experiences.
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| The scientific method suggests that when data contradict one's theory, the researcher should | modify or discard the theory.
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| Reliability means that the measurement | is stable over time or across observers.
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| The advantage of structured interviews over unstructured interviews is that during a structured interview, | subjects are all treated alike and responses can be compared among them.
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| Some of the strengths of naturalistic observation include | naturalistic observation can easily be applied, naturalistic observations are particularly useful in studying pre-verbal children, and naturalistic observation illustrates how people behave in everyday life.
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| A good theory is one that builds on existing knowledge by allowing for the formation of new testable hypotheses, meaning that the theory is | heuristic.
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| Historically, the most heated theoretical controversy has been on the issue of | nature vs. nurture.
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| Behaviorist John Watson argued that traits arise from | experience alone.
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| Developmentalists disagree on the extent to which children contribute directly to their own development. This is known as the | active/passive issue.
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| Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud | could be regarded as the first child psychologist because his theory was first to assert that early childhood shapes a person's personality.
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| The Freudian personality entity that emerges as children internalize parental moral standards and values is the | superego.
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| Behaviorism and its learning viewpoint assert that | development is totally flexible and is influenced by the child's experiences.
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| "We learn by watching and copying others' actions." This could be a slogan of | Bandura's cognitive social-learning theory.
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| Piaget's process of accommodation | involves modifying a scheme in response to new experiences.
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| In Piaget's theory, this is the correct stage sequence, ordered from earliest on: | sensorimotor/preoperational/concrete operational
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| The idea that the cognitive development of children is significantly influenced by their specific cultural context was proposed by | Lev Vygotsky
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| The ways in which a person's inherited characteristics are observable or measurable is referred to as | phenotype.
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| The zygote | is the earliest developmental stage at which the young organism contains the hereditary material from both mother and father.
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| Mitosis is like | making photocopies of a written report.
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| For traits that are determined by single pairs of genes, | recessive traits occur on population phenotypes less often than those of dominant traits.
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| When a person is homozygous for an inherited trait, | the alleles inherited from mother and father are both the same.
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| Sex-linked genetic characteristics appear in phenotypes | of men more often than women.
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| The overall goal of modern genetic counseling is to | inform the couple about their risk of having a baby with a serious genetic/congenital defects.
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| The correct sequence of prenatal diagnostic tests from earliest to latest availability is | Chorionic villus sampling :: amniocentesis :: ultrasound.
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| The correct prenatal sequence of periods, from earliest to latest is | period of the zygote :: embryonic period :: fetal period.
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| Of the following, the substance that typically cannot pass through the placenta to the developing embryo is | maternal blood cells.
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| At the end of the embryonic period, | all the major structures of the human are formed.
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| The 24th week is often set as the legal upper limit for medical abortion. At this point in time, the milestone that is reached by the developing fetus is | the minimal age of viability has been reached.
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| A teratogen is a(n) | substance, disease, or environmental agent that causes developmental harm at particular times during pregnancy.
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| While pregnant, Terry was exposed briefly to a very small amount of a teratogen. The effects of exposure will be | varied, depending on the timing of the exposure.
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| Teratogens are most likely to produce major structural abnormalities during the | second to eighth weeks following conception.
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| A pregnant woman tells her neighbor, "I know about fetal alcohol syndrome, and I've reduced my drinking. I now drink moderately with friends." Her social drinking | can cause symptoms of fetal alcohol effect (FAE), despite her moderation.
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| The prenatal/perinatal health problems of teenage mothers | are usually eliminated when the mother gets good prenatal care and attention at birth.
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| Margaret's newborn baby is crying loudly in the delivery room and has turned pink all over. When a nurse extends the baby's leg, the infant pulls away. Margaret's newborn would score | 8 to 10 points on the APGAR scale.
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| Perception refers to | meaningfully interpreting sensory input.
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| In addition to their nutritional and protective functions, the young infant’s survival reflexes | promote close contact with nurturant caregivers.
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| Wanda says, "I'm worried about Huey. He had many neonatal reflexes, and months later, only half are left. Is Huey normal?" The doctor says, | "Yes, the primitive reflexes are lost during infancy."
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| Young infants generally prefer to look at | complex patterns instead of plain stimuli.
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| In newborns, the sense that is LEAST developed, and least similar to adult senses, is | vision.
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| When a young infant is held over the deep side of the visual cliff, its heart pulse rate slows. This response indicates that the young baby | perceives the height but does not fear it.
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| Learning is customarily defined as | a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience.
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| The most rapid gains in body height occur during | infancy.
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| The cephalocaudal trend of development means that first | the head develops, followed by the body and legs.
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| With regard to gender differences in skeletal development, | girls mature faster than boys.
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| During adolescence, boys experience | increases in muscle mass and physical strength more dramatically than girls.
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| When neurons communicate messages to each other, the communication happens at a tiny junction called the | synapse.
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| The plasticity principle of early neural development implies that cells of the brain | can retrain themselves following brain injury.
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| Infant motor skills arranged from earliest to latest in the universal developmental sequence: | rolls over :: crawls :: stands alone :: walks up steps
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| One twin practices an early skill and the other does not. Two years later, both do equally well at it. | This supports the maturational viewpoint on skills.
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| The average occurrence of the adolescent growth spurt | happens earlier for girls than for boys.
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| The secular trend of sexual maturation is an outcome of | improved medical care and better nutrition during recent decades.
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| Early maturation is often initially a social | advantage for boys and a social disadvantage for girls.
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| Robinson was always well fed. At age three, he and his family were shipwrecked, and for weeks, he suffered malnutrition. After being rescued, Robinson probably | had "catch-up" growth and then developed normally.
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| Although experts vary in how they define intelligence, there is some agreement that it includes abilities to | think abstractly and solve problems.
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| The goal of Alfred Binet's first intelligence test was to identify | mentally retarded children who needed special teaching.
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| Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences identifies | 7 to 9 types of intelligence.
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| Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence includes the following four types of intelligence: | musical, spatial, linguistic, and intrapersonal.
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| Wechsler's IQ tests were better than the Stanford-Binet because the Wechsler scales | assessed both nonverbal and verbal scales.
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| Feelings such as embarrassment, shame, guilt, pride, or envy are known as | self-conscious emotions.
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| Lewis claimed that the child does not feel embarrassment until after he or she is capable of | self-recognition in photos or mirrors.
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| The ways that parents react to their children's transgressions can influence whether they will feel | guilt or shame.
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| A mother tells her toddler that it's okay to scream and shout at a sporting event but not in church. These are | display rules.
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| Social referencing" refers to the child's ability to | use the reactions of others to interpret an ambiguous stimulus or situation.
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| Rhythmicity, fearful distress, andactivity level are among the six | attributes of infant temperament.
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| The goodness-of-fit principle states that parents should | optimize parenting style for the child's temperament.
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| Emotional attachments between parent and child | slowly rise from social interactions in the first months.
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| Synchronized interactions between infants and their parents are important contributors to emotional attachment because | they provide an opportunity for the infant to learn what his parent is like and how to attract his or her attention.
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| Lorenz's ethological "Kewpie doll" effect states that the infant's | cute babyish facial features strengthen parental bonding.
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| The fact that newborns can imitate facial expressions seen in others suggests that they are capable of | using internal proprioceptive sensory feedback.
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| The ability to notice oneself in a mirror or photograph is called | self-recognition.
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| Gordon Gallup showed that apes respond to the "rouge test" just like older infants do, but monkeys do not. This result implies that | apes have a sense of self-recognition.
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| A social experience that is known to contribute positively to the child's sense of self-awareness is | secure attachment to a caregiver.
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| Low self-esteem is most strongly associated with | failure to gain the approval of friends in girls and lack of romantic competence in boys.
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| In the TV cartoon series, The Simpsons, Bart's sister Lisa works hard to excel in her school work. Lisa exemplifies a child with | high achievement motivation.
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| Parents of children who have a high need to achieve | set high standards and praise successes.
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| Lawrence Steinberg evaluated the impact of peer influences on academic achievement motivation. He found that | African American and Latino peer groups in low-income areas tend to discourage academic achievement.
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| The child's use of "behavioral comparisons" to make judgments about people peaks at the age of about | eight to nine years.
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