Primitive Mammals
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| reversed triangles in molar teeth | holotheria
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| tribosphenic molars with protocone and talonid | tribosphenida
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| braincase. double rooted cheek teeth. initially quadrate-articular and squamosal-dentary in jaw articulation. | early mammals
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| middle ear evolved independently three times in | early mammals
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| expansion of cerebrum from dorsal ventribular ridge of dorsal pallium | bird
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| expansion of cerebrum from lemnopallium of dorsal pallium | mammal
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| docodont. triconodont. symmetrodont. dryolestid. holotheria. tribosphenida. | mesozoic mammals
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| glenoid cavity oriented horizontally. scapula immobile. both clavicle and interclavicle. | primitive shoulder girdle
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| cusps on their molars are concave anteriorly on the uppers and concave posteriorly on the lowers, indicating retraction of the mandible during chewing. | multituberculate
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| cusps on their molars are concave posteriorly on the uppers and concave anteriorly on the lowers, indicating protraction of the mandible during chewing. | rodents
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| forelimb placed under girdle closer to midline. shoulder girdle moves with forelimb during the stride. | excursion of the shoulder girdle in therian mammals
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| shoulder joint immobile. glenoid laterally oriented. both coracoid and procoracoid. | primitive
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| scapulocoracoid fused | Derived (A)
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| acromion process of scapula strongly overturned. glenoid oriented downward. proximal head of humerus spherical and inturned. procoracoid reduced or lost. | theriiformes
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| interclavicle lost. supaspinous fossa. | theria
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| platypus. long-nosed echidna (New Guinea). short-nosed echidna (Australia). | monotremes
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| modern forms have reduced teeth as juveniles before losing them | monotremes
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| early forms had teeth, not tribosphenic molars | monotremes
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| cochlea structure uncoiled | early mammals
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| cochlea structure half a coil | monotreme
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| cochlea structure coiled up to 360 degrees | theria
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| ampulla, utriculus, sacculus, cochlea, semicircular canals | multiple coils of therian mammals
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| obturator foramen first appears in | synapsids
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| ilium extended farther forward in | mammals
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| bone present in monotremes, marsupials, and earliest placentals | marsupial bone
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| monotreme, lays eggs, suckles young | platypus
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| passages from the uterus, bladder, and intestine open into the cloaca as in reptiles. | monotremes
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| passages form uterus and bladder exit together but the anal exit is separate. | marsupials
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| usually separate openings for the uterus, bladder, and intestine. | placental mammals
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| sidewall of braincase is from alisphenoid | therian synapomorphy
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| lost interclavicle. procoracoid lost with theriiformes. coracoid reduced as process on scapula. supraspinous fossa is new. | therian shoulder girdle
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| have small cervical ribs | monotremes
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| superposition of astragalus over calcaneum in | therians
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| marsupial bones originally thought to support the pouch, but present in monotremes, basal placentals, and even tritylodont cynodonts. | epipubic
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| the bones stiffen the trunk in them during walking when one hindlimb and diagonally opposite forelimb are forward and others back. | the opossum
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| jugal forms portion of jaw glenoid. flared nasal bones. 5 upper incisors and 4 lower. 3 premolars. 4 molars. inflected angle to jaw. | marsupial (opossum, Didelphis)
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| rectangular nasal bones. jugal ends before glenoid. auditory bulla. noninflected angle to jaw. 2 molars. 4 premolars. 3 upper and lower incisors. | placental (raccoon, Procyon)
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| shrew opossum, monitor del monte, tasmanian devil, rabbit-eared bandicot, koala, rat kangaroo, honey possum, marsupial mole, and opossum are examples of | marsupials
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| shearing teeth in carnivorous forms is an adaptation of this marsupial | borhyaena
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| divergent first toe for climbing is an adaptation of this marsupial | opossum
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| syndactylous 2nd and 3rd toes in this marsupial for grooming fur | kangaroo
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| a giant herbivorous marsupial from the Pleistocene of Australia, about 11 feet in length. | diprotodon
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| dog-like carnivore, cat-like carnivore, arboreal glider, fossorial herbivore, and digging ant feeder are examples of this. | strongest examples or convergent evolution in biology.
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| How do tribosphenic molars work? | occlusion between teeth of upper and lower jaw.
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| group of primitive placentals with lower metabolic rates. tongue retractor muscles originate on sternum. | xenarthra
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| lost all incisors and canine. large, recurved claws. caniniform premolar. gets name from extra articular surfaces of vertebrae. | xenarthra
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| have interclavicle and coracoid bones | marsupial newborns
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| front claws act as holdfasts, shoulder arch assist in wriggling crawl of body. | marsupial newborns
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| in mammalian placenta, choriovitelline placenta is associated with the | yolk sac
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| in mammalian placenta, chorioallantoic placenta is in | basic placental mammal
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| used for countercurrent flow for thermoregulatiton | vasular plexus
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| carnivorous marsupials of South America of upper Oligocene to Miocene age, was as large as a wolf. | Borhyaena
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| of Pliocene age, was comparable to a jaguar in size and paralleled in a remarkable way the large sabertooth cats. | Thylacosmilus
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