Urinalysis
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| Four methods of urine collection | free catch, bladder expression, catheterization, cycstocentesis
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| Supplies for UA | Gloves, microscope, slides, cover slips, pipettes, centrifuge tubes, refractometer, sedi-stain
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| UA container label should include | Pt name, date, collection method
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| How long urine can be refrigerated | 6-12 hrs
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| Sample left at room temp can have | Increased bacteria, pH. Decreased glucose, biliruben. Crystal formation.
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| Physically observable properties of urine | Volume, color, odor, transparency, specific gravity
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| Factors influencing urine volume | Fluid intake, external loss (V+, D+), diet (carnivore, herbivore), environment (heat, humidity), size & species
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| Normal urine output for adult dogs and cats | 20-40 ml/kd/day
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| Reasons for polyuria | Diabetes Mellitus or Insipidus, nephritis, liver dz, diuretics (lasix) corticosteroids, fluids
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| Reasons for oliguria | Decreased water intake, pyrexia, shock, heart dz, dehydration
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| urinary pigment | urochromes
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| Pale yellow urine | low SG, decreased urine concentration
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| Very yellow urine | high SG, oliguria (yellow-brown)
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| Brown/Green urine | bile pigment (plus green foam)
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| Red/Brown urine | hematuria, hemoglobin
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| Brown urine | myoglobin
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| Orange | drugs, eg tetracycline
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| Horse urine is cloudy because | contains calcium carbonate crystals and mucus
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| Rabbit urine is cloudy because | contains calcium carbonate and triple phosphate crystals
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| Transparency can be described as | clear, slightly cloudy, cloudy, turbid, flocculent
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| Cloudy urine can be caused by | bacteria, crystals, RBCs, WBCs, epi cells, casts, mucus, fat, contaminants
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| Specific gravity defined as: | weight of quantity of liquid compared with that of an equal amt of distilled water
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| Normal dog specific gravity | 1.001 - 1.060, 1.025 typical
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| Normal cat specific gravity | 1.001 - 1.080
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| Increased SG caused by | Shock, acuter renal failure, decreased water intake, increased excretion of urine solutes or increased fluid loss other than urination.
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| Decreased SG caused by | Diuretic therapy, renal dz, liver dz, diabetes, pyrometria-purulent, kidney inability to reabsorb water with increased fluid intake
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| Glomular filtrate SG | 1.008-1.012
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| Isosthenuria | when urine SG approaches that of glomular filtrate
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| Increased H+ ions in urine | Increased acidity. pH >7 = alkaline, <7 = acidic
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| Factors increasing pH | diet, stress or excitement in cats
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| Factors decreasing pH | diet, fever, acidosis, starvation, muscular activity, prescription drugs
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| To test protein in urine | reagent strip then Protein Determination by Sulfosalicylic Acid Turbidity test and Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio
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| Additional causes for glucosuria | fear or excitement in cats, IV flds containing glucose, general anesthesia
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| False glucosuria positives occur w some meds | Vitamin C, morphine and derivatives, aspirin, penicillan, cephalasporins
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| Types of Ketones | Acetone, Acetoacetic Acid, Beta-hydroxybutyric acid
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| Bile pigments detected in urine | conjugated biliruben, urobilinogen
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| Bilirubin seen in urine with | liver dz, hemolytic anemia, obstruction of bile flow from liver to sm intestines
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| Hemoglobinuria usually result of | intravascular hemolysis. positive test for heomoglobin w out RBCs in urine sediment
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| Other causes of hemglobinuria | leptospirosis, babesiosis, toxic plants, incompatable blood transfusions, immune mediated hemolytic anemia, isoimmune hemolytic dz of neonates.
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| When running urine sediment look for | RBCs, WBCs, epi cells, casts, crystals
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| Lysed RBCs are referred to as | Ghost Cells
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| Fresh sample RBCs appear | small, round, smooth-edged, somewhat refractile, yellow-orange to clear. Creatination and slightly darker, almost grey in concentrated urine
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| Leukocytes | larger than RBCs, spherical dull gray or greenish-yellow.
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| Three types of epithelial cells | Squamous, transitional, renal
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| Casts are formed in | lumen of distal collecting tubules
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| Seven types of casts | Hyaline, granular, epithelial, leukocyte, erythrocyte, waxy, fatty
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| Hyaline casts | clear, colorless, transparent, made of protein, cylindrical, parallel sides, ROUNDED ENDS, mild renal irritation. Increase w fever, poor renal profusion, strenuous exercise, general anesthesia
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| Granular casts | hyaline casts with granules, most common, granules are epi cells, rbcs, wbc that become incorporated and degenerate. amt inc w nephritis. more severe than hyaline casts
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| Epithelial casts | epi cells from renal tubules imbedded in hyaline matrix. inc w acute nephritis or degeneration of renal tubular epithelium ie neoplasi or malignancy
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| Leukocyte casts | contain wbc, predominantly neutrophils, indicates inflammation of renal tubules
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| Erythrocyte casts | Deep yellow to orange in color, indicates renal bleeding
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| Waxy casts | wider than hyaline, SQUARE ENDS, dull homogenous, waxy appearance. HIGHLY REFRACTILE. indicate chronic, severe degeneration of tubules, renal failure
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| Fatty casts | Contain small droplets that appear as refractile bodies. seen in cats w renal dz, occassional in dogs w DM, lots suggest degeneration of renal tubules
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| Struvite crystals | triple phosphate or magnesium phosphate crystals. in slkealine to slightly acidic urine, 6-8 sided prisms like coffins
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| Amorphouse Phosphate | in alkaline urine. appear as granule precipitate
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| Calcium carbonate | in urine of horses and rabbits. of no clinical significance
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| Amorphous urates | seen in acidic urine. appear as granule precipitate
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| Ammonium biurate | in slightly acidic, neutral or alkaline urine, brown, round, long, irregular spicules. severe liver damage
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| Calcium oxalate | "x" on crystal, in acidic and neutral urine, in dogs and some horses, large nbr w ethylene glycol poisoning (antifreeze)
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| Uric acid | diamond to rhizoid shape, yellow or yellow-brown color, common only in dalmations
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| Leucine | looks like flower, animals w liver dz
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| Tyrosine | dark w needle projections, HIGHLY REFRACTILE, FOUND IN SMALL CLUSTERS, in animals w liver dz
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| Cystine | flat and six sided, colorless, assoc with renal tubular dysfunction, not refractile
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