GCSE C21 P2 Radiation and Life revision
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| emit | give out (radiation) - a TV remote emits infra-red; anything that emits radiation is called a source
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| transmit | lets radiation pass through - a window transmits visible light; radiation is transmitted for most of its journey from source to detector
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| absorb | stops radiation, doesn't let it through - sunscreen absorbs ultraviolet radiation; many things that absorb radiation also detect the radiation (e.g. your eye, any camera)
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| reflect | bounce off - a mirror reflects visible light; everything that we see reflects some visible light too
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| electromagnetic spectrum | all the waves that are similar to light: radio, microwave, infra-red, visible, ultra-violet, X-ray, gamma
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| greenhouse gases (name 3) | carbon dioxide, water vapour, methane
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| ionising means | high energy photons;
can break molecules (to form ions)
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| health risks from ionising radiation | can damage DNA;
can cause cancer
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| four effects of radiation (when it's absorbed) | HEATING ( microwaves, infra-red)
CHEMICAL (photosynthesis)
ELECTRICAL (radio and microwaves)
IONISING (breaking molecules)
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| four non-ionising radiations | radio,
microwave,
infra-red,
visible light
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| most energetic photons | gamma rays
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| lowest energy photons | radio waves
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| three ionising radiations (in the electromagnetic spectrum) | ultra-violet,
X-ray,
gamma rays
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| packet or lump of radiation energy | photon
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| mobile phones emit | microwaves
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| TV remote controls emit | infra-red
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| all warm objects emit | infra-red
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| TV signals are broadcast using | radio waves
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| cancers can be treated with (which radiation) | gamma or X-ray
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| three radiations that can cause cancer | u-v,
X-ray,
gamma ray
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| ozone molecules ABSORB / TRANSMIT / EMIT ultra-violet | absorb
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| CFCs destroy molecules of | ozone
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| benefits of exposure to ultra-violet | body produces vitamin D; produces ‘feel good’ hormones
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| risks of sunbathing | increased chance of skin cancer and cataracts
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| process that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere | photosynthesis
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| chemical that damages ozone layer | CFCs
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| the ozone hole increases … | the chances of skin cancer (for people living under it)
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| 3 radiations used to transmit information | RADIO (TV and radio signals, remote control cars); MICROWAVE (mobile phone signals, wi-fi), INFRA-RED (TV remote control) (or visible)
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| actual risk | based on statistics rather than on someone’s ‘gut feeling’
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| perceived risk | how someone ‘thinks’ about the risk – this might be more or less than the actual risk
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| precautionary principle | ‘better safe than sorry’ – if the risks are unknown and the benefit is zero, don’t do it.
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| cause | when one factor has an effect on an outcome; or where a known mechanism / process will increase the likelihood of that outcome
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| correlation | a statistical link – it does NOT mean that one factor causes the other
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| mechanism | a causal mechanism explains how a factor affects the outcome (e.g. carbon dioxide causes global warming)
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| climate | average weather for a region over a many years
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| Three likely consequences of global warming | SEA LEVEL RISE and FLOODING of low-lying land (loss of life, damage to property, loss of farmland); MORE FREQUENT EXTREME WEATHER (hurricanes and tornadoes); CHANGED WEATHER PATTERNS (eg UK could become much colder)
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| Explain why sea levels will rise because of global warming | Water in the oceans will EXPAND; ICE in GLACIERS will MELT adding more water to the oceans
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| INTENSITY of beam of radiation depends on | Number of photons per second; energy of each photon
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| health risks from exposure to uv radiation | skin cancer and cataracts
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| how fast do all electromagnetic spectrum radiations travel through a vacuum? | 300,000km/s
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| what are the factors that effect the damage of sunburn | intensity and duration
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| why were the co2 levels the same for thousands years | because humans are burning more and more fossil fuels as energy sources,burning large areas of forests to clear land, which means that there is less photosynthesis removing carbon dioxide from the air.
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| global warming could result in | not being able to grow crops in some coun tires where you used tio be able to,more extreme weather events
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