HEART/BLOOD VESSELS, PROCEDURES, ETC
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| arrhythmias | abnormal heart rhythms
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| dysrhythmias | abnormal heart rhythms
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| heart block (aterioventricular block) | failure of proper conduction of impulses
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| flutter | rapid but regular contractions of atria or ventricles
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| fibrillation | rapid, random, ineffectual, and irregular contractions
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| cardia pacemaker | to overcome arrhythmias
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| defibrillator | electrical devise to restor proper rhythm
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| cardioversion | another name for shocking the heart
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| digozin | drug that slows heart rate
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| implantable cardioverter/defibrillater (ICD) | put in chest to sense arrhythmias and correct them
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| radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) | nonsurgical treatment for arrhythmia
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| cardiac arrest | sudden stoppage of heart movement
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| palpitations | uncomfortable sensations in chest associated with arrhthmias
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| premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) | cause palpitations
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| premature atrial contractions (PACs) | cause palpitations
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| congenital heart disease | abnormalities in heart at birth
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| coarctation of aorta (CoA) | narrowing of aorta
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| patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) | small duct between aorta and pulmonary artery normally closes soon after birth, remains open (patent)
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| septal defects | small holes in septa between atria or ventricles
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| heart-lung machine | relieves heart and lungs of pumping
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| trans-catheter closure | clamshell devise into heart via cathator closes septal defects
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| minimally invasive heart surgery | surgery through puncture holes in chest
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| tetralogy of Fallot | congenital malformation of heart involving four (tetra) distinct defects
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| tetralogy of fallot defect 1 pulmonary artery stenosis | blood is not adequately passed to lungs for oxygen
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| tetralogy of fallot defect 2 ventricular septal defect | gap in septum lets deoxygenated blood through
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| tetralogy of fallot defect 3 shift of aorta to right | aorta overrides inerventricular septum
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| tetralogy of fallot defect 4 hypertrophy of right ventricle | myocardium has to work harder to pump blood
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| blue baby | has tetralogy of fallot shich causes cyanosis
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| congestive heart failure (CHF) | heart is unable to pump requied amount of blood
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| pulmonary adema | fluid seeps out of capillaries into tiny air sacs of lung because of CHF
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| left ventricular assist device (LVAD) | booster pump in abdomen for people waiting for heart transplant because of CHF
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| coronary artery disease (CAD) | disease of arteries surrounding the heart
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| atherosclerosis | deposite of fatty compounds on inner lining of coronary artery
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| thrombotic occlusion | blocking of the coronary artery by a clot
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| ischemia | descrease in blood flow
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| necrosis | death
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| infarction | dead mycardial tissue
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| acute coronary syndromes (ACS) | consequences after plaque rupture coronary arteries
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| consequences of ruptured coronary artery | unstalbe angina, myocardial infarction
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| angiography | x ray imaging of coronary arteries
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| revascularization | blood flow to heart muscle
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| nitroglycerin | treats acute attacks of angina
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| nitrates | drug is vasodilator increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure
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| aspirin | prevent aggregation of platelets
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| beta-blockers | reduce force and spee of heartbeat to lower blood pressure
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| ACE inhibitors | reduce high blood pressure and risk of future heart attacks
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| calcium channel blockers | relax muscles in blood vessels
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| statins | lower cholesterol levels
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| coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) | replace clooged vessels
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| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | catheterization with ballons and stents open clogged arteries
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| transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMLR) | laser makes holes in heart muscle to induce angiogenesis(growth of new blood vessels)
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| endocarditis | inflammation of inner lining of heart causedd by bacteria
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| vegetations | lesions caused by infection or trauma to heart valves
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| emboli | lesions that break off into blood stream (vegatations)
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| petechiae | pinpoint hemorrages
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| cure endocarditis | antibiotics
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| hypertensive heart disease | high blood pressure affecting the heart
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| ventricular hypertrophy left | narrowing of arteriols causes to pump more from hypertensive heart disease
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| mitral valve prolapse(MVP) | improper closure of mitral valve
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| murmur | an extra heart sound, heard between beats
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| bruit (bru-long e) | abnormal sound or murmur hear on ausculation
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| thrill | vibration felt on palpation of chest, often accompanies a murmur
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| pericarditis | inflammation of membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart
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| cardiac tamponade | compression of heart caused by collection of fluid
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| pericardiocentesis | drains excess fluid in the pericardium
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| rheumatic heart disease | heart disease caused by rheumatic fever
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| rheumatic fever follows after | streptococcal infection
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| rheumatic heart disease can cause | mitral stenosis, atrial fibrillation and congestive heart faluire
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| aneurysm | local widening (dialation) of an arterial wall
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| berry aneurysms | aneurysms of small vessels in brain
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| hypertension (HTN) | high blood pressure
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| exxential hypertension | most high blood pressure with no identifiable cause
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| secondary hypertension | caused by another associated lesion
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| peripheral vascular disease (PVD) | blockage of blood vessels outside of the heart
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| carotid | neck artery
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| femoral | thigh artery
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| popliteal | back of knee artery
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| intermittent claudication | absence of pain or discomfort in a leg at rest but pain, tension, weakness after walking has begun
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| raynaud disease | short episodes of pallor and cyanosis in fingers and toes
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| vericose veins | abnormally swollen and twisted veins usually in legs
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| hemorrhoids (piles) | varicose veins near the anus
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| angina (pectoris) | chest pain resulting from temporary difference between supply and demand of oxygen to heart muscl
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| ausculation | listening with a stethoscope
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| beta-blockers | durgs used to treat angina, hypertension and arrhythmias, block action of epinephrine at recepter sites, ,slowing the heartbeat
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| calcium channel blockers | treat angina, hypertension, dialate blood vessels by blocking influx of calcium to muscles cells lining vessels
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| cardiac tamponade | pressure on heart caused by fluid in pericardial space
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| claudiction | pain,tension and weakness in leg after walking has begun
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| digoxin | drug treats arrhythmias and strengthens heartbeat
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| emboli (sing embolus) | colecctions of materials travel to and suddenly block a blood vessel
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| ingarction | area of dead tissue
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| nitrates | treat angina, dilate blood vessels
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| occlusion | closure of a blood vessel
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| patent | open
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| statins | dugs used to lower cholesterol in bloodstream
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| LAB TEST:lipid tests | measure cholesterol and triglycerides in blood sample
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| saturated fats | animal origin
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| polyundaturated fats | vegetable origin
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| LAB TEST:liprotein electrophoresis | lipoproteins (combo of fat and protein) are physically separated in a blood sample
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| LAB TEST:serum enzyme tests | chemicals measured in blood as evidence of heart attack
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| serum enzyme tests for | creatine kinase (CK), troponin-I (cTnI), troponin-T (cTnT)
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| DIAGNOSTIC: angiography | x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injecting contrast material
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| DIAG: arteriography | x-ray of imaging of arteries after injecting contract into aorta or artery
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| DIAG: digital subtraction angiography (DSA) | video equipment and computer produce x ray images of blood vessels
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| ULTRASOUND: doppler ultrasound | sound waves measure movement of blood flow
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| ULTRASOUND: echocardiography (ECHO) | high-frequency sound waves and echoes produce images of heart
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| NUCLEAR: positron emission tomography (PET) scan | images showing blood flow and function of myocardium following uptake of radioactive substances
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| NUCLEAR:technetium (Tc) 99m Sestamibi scan | Technetium 99m sestamibi injected IV and taken up in area of an MI
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| NUCLEAR:thallium 201 scan | concentration of a radioactive substance measured in mycardium
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| MAGNETIC: carciac MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) | images of cardiac tissue produce with magnetic waves
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| PROC: cardiac catheterization | thin flexible tube guided into heart via vein or artery
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| PROC: electrocardiography (ECG, EKG) | recording of electricity flowing through heart
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| PROC: Holter monitoring | An ECG device worn during 24 hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias
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| PROC: stress test | exercise tolerance test (ETT) determine heart's response to physical exertion
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| TREAT: cardioversion (defibrillation) | very brief discharges of electricity, applied across chest to stop arrhythmias
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| PROC: endarterectomy | surgical removal of diseased inner layers of artery
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| PROC:extracorporeal circulation | heart-lung machine diverts blood from heart and lungs while heart is being stopped
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| TREAT: heart transplantation | a donor heart is transferred to a recipient
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| TREAT: percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) | balloon-tipped catheter inserted into coronary artery to open artery; stents are put in place
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| TREAT: thrombolytic therapy | drugs to dissolve clots are injected into blood stream of patients with coronary thrombosis
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| streptokinase | drug to restore blood flow to heart
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