Introduction to Sociology
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| race | a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important
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| ethnicity | a shared cultural heritage
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| minority | any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates
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| prejudice | a rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people
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| stereotype | a simplified description applied to every person in some category
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| racism | the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another
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| scapegoat | a person or category of people, typically with little power, whom other people unfairly blame for their own troubles
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| discrimination | unequal treatment of various categories of people
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| institutional prejudice and discrimination | bias built into the operation of society's institutions
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| pluralism | a state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing
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| assimilation | the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture
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| miscegenation | biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories
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| segregation | the physical and social separation of categories of people
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| genocide | the systematic killing of one category of people by another
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| social institution | a major sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, organized to meet human needs
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| economy | the social that organizes a society's production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
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| postindustrial economy | a productive system based on service work and computer technology
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| primary sector | the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment
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| secondary sector | the part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods
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| tertiary sector | the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods
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| global economy | economic activity that crosses national borders
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| capitalism | an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned
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| socialism | an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are collectively owned
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| welfare capitalism | an economic and political system that combines a mostly market-based economy with extensive social welfare programs
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| state capitalism | an economic and political system in which companies are privately owned but sooperate closely with the government
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| profession | a prestigious white-collar occupation that requires extensive formal education
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| corporation | an organization with a legal existence, including rights and liabilities, separate from that of its members
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| monopoly | the domination of a market by a single producer
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| oligopoly | the domination of a market by a few producers
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| politics | the social institution that distributes power, sets a society's goals, and makes decisions
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| power | the ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others
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| government | a formal organization that directs the political life of a society
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| authority | power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive
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| routinization of charisma | the transformation of charismatic authority into some combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority
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| monarchy | a political system in which a single family rules from generation to generation
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| democracy | a political system that gives power to the people as a whole
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| authoritarianism | a political system that denies the peoplr participation in government
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| totalitarianism | a highly centralized political system that extensively regulates people's lives
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| welfare state | a system of government agencies and programs that provides benefits to the population
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| pluralist model | an analysis of politics that sees power as spread among many competing interest groups
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| power-elite model | an analysis of politics that sees power as concentrated among the rich
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| Marxist political-economy model | an analysis that explains politics in terms of the operation of a society's economic system
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| political revolution | the overthrow of one political system in order to establish another
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| terrorism | acts of violence or the threat of violence used as a political strategy by an individual or a group
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| war | organized, armed conflict among the people of two or more nations, directed by their governments
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| military-industrial complex | the close associationof the federal government, the military, and defense industries
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Created by:
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