microbiology final
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| tetrads | those cocci that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four
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| bacterial cell wall | may contribute to the ability of some species to cause disease; may be the site of action of some antibiotics; composed of a macromolecular network known as "peptidoglycan"
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| gram-positive bacterial cell wall | many layers of peptidoglycan; contains teichoic acids; has great mechanical strenghth; susceptible to attack by penicillin
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| the three types of bacteria shapes | cocci; bacilli; spiral
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| spheroplast | partially wall-less gram-negative cell
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| bacterial colony | visible group of bacterial growing on a culture medium
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| spirochetes | helical-flexible when in motion (spirochete-singular)
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| cytoplasm | refers to the substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane
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| when endospores are formed... | the survival of the spore-forming bacterium is threatened, the bacterial cell may form the endospore
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| types of passive processes | simple diffusion; facilitated diffusion; osmosis
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| amphitrichous | having a flagellum or flagella at both ends
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| 4 arrangements of flagella | monotrichous; amphitrichous; lophotrichous; peritrichous
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| lophotrichous | tufts or bunches of flagella at one end
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| gram-negative bacterial cell wall | one or very few layers of peptidoglycan; no teichoic acids; more susceptible to mechanical breakage; outer membrane: LPS, lipoproteins, and phospholipids..evades phagocytosis...resistance to penicillin...lipid A of the LPS is referred to as endotoxin
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| important elements needed by the cell for synthesis for cellular material | nitrogen, sulfur, phosporus
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| diplococci | cocci that remain in pairs after dividing
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| example of a fimbriae | Neisseria gonorrhoeae: the causative agent of gonorrhea
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| streptococci | those bacteria that remain attached in chainlike patterns after dividing
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| sarcinae | those spherical bacteria that divide in three planes and remain attached in cube-like groups of eight
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| spirilla | helical- rigid when in motion
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| vibrios | comma shaped
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| peritrichous | flagella covering the entire surface
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| bacterial cell wall function | prevents the bacterial cell from rupturing when the water pressure inside the cell is greater than outside the cell; helps maintain shape of cell; serves as a point of anchorage for flagella
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| germination | going from spore state to vegetative state
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| pure colony | one species
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| facultative aerobe | adapted to survival in the presence of oxygen, but prefer the opposite
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| facultative anaerobe | adapted to survival in absense of oxygen but prefer to live with it
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| phototaxis | the stimulus is light
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| chemotaxis | the stimulus includes chemicals
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| facilitated diffusion | uses the aid of a transporter or carrier protein
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| mesophiles | bacteria that prefer moderate temps and develop best at temps between 25-40 degrees C
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| thermophiles | bacteria that thrive best at high temps, between 40-70 degrees C
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| minimum growth temp | temp below which bacterial growth will not take place
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| axial filaments | (endoflagella) unique type of flagella produced by spirochetes
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| maximum growth temp | temp above which bacterial growth will not take place
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| nuclear area | the region we find the genetic material of the bacterial cell
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| streptobacilli | bacilli that divide across their short access and remains in chains
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| osmosis | the net movement of solvent molecules (water) across a selectively permeable membrane from an area with a high concentration of solvent molecules (water) to an area of low concentration of solvent molecules (water)
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| spore formation | not means of replication, it is a protective or defensive mechanism of bacterial cells capable of the production of endospores
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| coccobacilli | rod-shaped bacteria that are oval and look so much like cocci
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| obligate (stict) anaerobes | microbes that can only survive in an environment devoid of oxygen
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| psychrophiles | bacteria that prefer cold, thriving at temps between 0-25 degrees C
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| cocci | spherical
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| bacilli | rod-shaped
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| 3 types of spiral | vibrios; spirilla; spirochetes
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| ribosomes | site of protein sythesis for the cell
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| inclusions (inclusion bodies) | function as the reserve deposits for the cell
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| optimum growth temp | temp at which organisms grow best
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| lysozyme | a digestive enzyme that can cause damage to the bacterial cell wall
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| protoplast | wall-less gram-positive cell
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| mixed colony | more than one species
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| besides water, what is another important requirement for growth | carbon- structural backbone of living matter
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| osmotic pressure | pressured required to prevent the net flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane
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| staphylococci | cocci that divide in multipule planes and form grapelike clusters
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| diplobacilli | rod-shaped bacteria that divide across their short axis and remain in pairs after cell division
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| microaerophile | when the low-oxygen, high carbon dioxide conditions resemble those found in the intestinal tract; require little free oxygen
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| bacterial cell calculation | Bf=Bi*2n
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| monomorphic | do not change shape
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| monotrichous | having a single flagellum
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| pleomorphic | bacterial cell that changes shape
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| how does the gycocalyx enhance the virulence? | resisting phagocytosis
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| flagella | bacterial structure that function for movement and provide mobility for the cell
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| simple diffusion | moves substances like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water
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| glycocalyx | capsule; slime layer
many prokaryotes secrete a sticky gelatinous coating that surrounds the cell wall
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| capsule | the glycocalyx is known as a capsule only when it is organized and firmly attached externally to the cell wall
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| heterotrophic | require complex organic food from a carbon source to grow and develop
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| passive process | substances cross the membrane from an area of low concentration without any expenditure of energy
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| most bacteria grow best in what narrow pH range near neutrality? | ~6.5-7.5
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| obligate (strict) aerobe | microorganisms that can only live in the presence of oxygen
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| autotrophic | self-nourishing bacteria capable of growing in the absense of organic compounds
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| plasma membrane | thin structure lying internal to the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell
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| semi-permeable or selectively permeable membrane | control the movement of substances into and out of the cell: aids in the breakdown of nutrients, aids in the production of energy
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| group translocation | substance being transported is altered chemically during transport across the membrane
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| important trace elements essential for functions of certain enzymes | iron, copper, molybdenum, and zinc
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| binary fission | method of asexual reproduction in bacteria in which cell splits into two parts
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| active process | the cell must use energy to move substances across the membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
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| types of active processes | active transport; group tanslocation
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| active transport | the substance is not altered by transport across the membrane
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| sporulation or sporogenesis | the process of spore formation; going from vegetative state to spore state
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| capriophile | microorganisms that grows best at relativity high carbon dioxide concentrations
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| what is essential for the growth of organisms? | water
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| generation time | time required for a cell to divide
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| endospores | form specialized "resting" cells when essential nutrients are depleted
certain gram-positive bacteria, such as those of the genera bacillus and clostriduim
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| example of an axial filament | treponema pallidum- causatie agent of syphillis
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| fimbriae | (pili) bacterial cells that are covered with short hairlike or bristle-like appendages and allow bacteria to attach to surfaces
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