Midterm II
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| Before cells are able to reproduce, there must be a... | Division of the nucleus and its DNA and cytokinesis
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| Mitosis is used by muliticelled organisms for... | growth, development, and repair
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| Mitosis has what cells? | Somatic cells
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| Meiosis occurs in which somatic cells? | Germ cells
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| What do germ cells divide into? | Gametes
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| Each threadlike chromosome is duplicated to form... | Two sister chromatids held together by a centromere
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| Humans somatic cells contain __ chromosomes | 46
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| Which cells are diploid? | Somatic cells
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| How many chromosomes do diploid cells have? | 2
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| What are Gametes? | Egg and sperm
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| Which cell is haploid? | Gametes
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| How many chromosomes do haploid cells have? | 1
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| Most of the cells existence is spent in... | Interphase
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| During interphase.... | the cells mass increases and the DNA is duplicated
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| During G1 phase.... | carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins for a cells use and for export are assembled.
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| During S phase... | the cell copies it DNA and synthesizes proteins
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| During G2 phase... | proteins that will drive mitosis to completion are produced.
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| What are the 4 stages of mitosis? | Prophase,Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
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| The spindle apparatus does what? | moves the chromosomes.
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| What extends from the 2 poles of a cell and overlap at the cells equator? | Microtubules.
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| Chromosomes become visible rodlike units with each having 2 sister chromatids is what stage? | Prophase.
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| The centromere is | a docking site for the spindle microtubules on each chromatid.
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| Microtubules are composed of.. | tubulins
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| The nuclear envelope begins to disintegrate in which stage? | Prophase
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| The centrioles are moved by the microtubules to the opposite poles of the cell in which phase? | Prophase.
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| Nuclear membrane breaks up completely in which stages? | Between prophase and metaphase.
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| Sister chromatids become oriented toward opposite poles in what stage? | Metaphase.
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| What stage takes place when all the chromosomes are aligned at the cells equator? | Metaphase
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| At metaphase sister chromatids are at | Max. condensation
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| Sister chromatids separate and move toward oppostite poles during which stage? | Anaphase
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| When the two daughter chromosomes of each original chromatid pair arrive at opposite poles, which stage is beginning? | Telophase
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| The nuclear envelope reforms during | Telophase
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| When each daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.... | Telophase is done and mitosis is complete.
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| The flexible plasma membrance of animal cells can be squeezed in the middle to separate the two daughter cells..what is this called? | cleavage or furrowing
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| Plant cells cannot be pinched in two because.... | the rigid cell wall
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| Organisms that reproduce asexually rely on | chromosome duplications and mitotic cell divisions
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| Somatic germ cells go through a type of cell division called | meiosis and cytokinesis to produce gametes.
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| Meiosis begins with diploid germ cells(2n=46 in humans) and produces | haploid gametes (n=23)
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| In 2n cells there are 2 chromosomes of each type called | homolugous chromosomes.
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| During meiosis, homologous chromosomes | line up, even unequally matched sex chromosomes
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| Meiosis produces gametes that have | one of each pair of homologous chromosomes.
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| Meiosis has how many series of divisions | 2
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| During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair and | cytokinesis follows and each daughter cell receives a haploid number of chromosomes.
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| In meiosis II, the sister chromatids of each chromosome | separate; cytokinesis follows resulting in 4 haploid cells.
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| In meiosis prophase 1, nonsister chromatids exchange segments in a process called | crossing over
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| After crossing over, the non sister chromatids begin to separate but remain attatched by | chiasmata
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| In meiosis metaphase I, homologous chromosomes... | randomly line up at the spindle equator.
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| During meiosis anaphase I, homologous chromosomes... | separate into two haploid cells.
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| In males, meiosis and gamete formation are called | spermatogenesis
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| In females, meiosis and gamete formation are called | oogenesis
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| Random alignments at metaphase I lead to | millions of maternal and paternal chromosomes in each gamete
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| Chromosomes are moved by the | spindle apparatus
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| Observable traits, like five fingers on each hand, are the result of | genetic expression
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| The first person to systematically pursue the questions of genetic | Gregor Mendel
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| Units of information about specific traits. | Genes
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| Each gene has a _______ on a chromosome | locus
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| What cells have two genes for each trait on a homologous chromosome? | Diploid cells
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| Various molecular forms of a gene for the same trait are | Alleles
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| Occurs when offspring inherit identical alleles | true-breeding
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| Non-identical alleles produce | hybrid offspring
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| When both alleles are the same, this is called | Homozygous condition
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| If the alleles differ then its | Heterozygous condition
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| When one allele is dominate A and the other is recessive a its... | heterozygous
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| When both alleles are dominate AA its.... | Homozygous dominant
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| aa= | homozygous recessive
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| Aa= | heterozygous
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| The sum of the genes are the | genotype
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| Genes that are expressed by what you observe are the | phenotype
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| P= | Parental generation
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| F1= | first-generation offspring
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| F2= | second-generation offspring.
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| What has two parents that are true-breeding for contrasting forms of a trait | Monohybrid
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| Mendel disproved the | blending model
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| What theory states that 2n organisms inherit two genes per trait located on pairs of homologous chromosomes | The Mendelian theory
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| Chromosomes segregate independently of each other and give the same F2 phenotypic ratio Mendel observed are... | non homologous
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| A dominant allele that cannot completely mask the expression of another | incomplete dominance
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| A case where both dominant alleles are expressed in heterozygotes. | Codominance
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| Whenever more than two forms of alleles exist at a given locus is | a multiple allele system
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| Alleles at one location that can have have effects on two or more traits is called | termed pleiotropy
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| One gene pair can influence other gene pairs, with the combined activities producing some effect on the phenotype..this is called.. | epistasis
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| Most of the chromosomes are of the same quantity and type in both sexes and are called | Autosomes
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| Sex chromosomes 92 in humans) | determine gender
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| What chromosomes do females have? | two X chromosomes
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| What chromosomes do males have? | one x and one y
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| Chromosomes that are visualized in a lab preparation is called | a karyotype
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| A term applied to a genetic condition that is a deviation from the usual, or average, and is not life threatening. | Genetic abnormality
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| Used to describe conditions that cause medical problems. | Genetic disorder
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| Applied to those instances where a persons altered genes increase susceptibility to infection | Genetic disease.
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| The dominant allele is nearly always expressed | autosomal dominant
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| Either parent can carry the recessive allele on an autosome | autosomal recessive
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| This occurs when a gene sequence is in excess of the normal amount | duplication
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| This alters the position and sequence of the genes so that gene order is reversed | inversion
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| A condition in which the gametes or cells of an affected individual end up with one extra or one less chromosome than is normal | Aneuploidy
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| The presence of three or more of each type of chromosome in gametes or cells | Polyploidy
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| Anaphase I or anaphase II frequently results in a change in chromosome number due to | nondisjunction
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| Consists if a single layer of cells | Simple epithelium
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| Supports epithelia and organs and surrounds blood vessels and nerves | Loose connective tissue
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| Could be found in tendons and ligaments | Dense connective tissue
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| What contains chondrocytes and a dense array of fibers in a jelly like ground substance? | Cartilage
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| What stores mineral salts, produces blood cells, and provides spaces for its own living osteocytes | Bone tissue
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| Cells that are specialized for the storage of fat, which can be used as an energy reserve and as cushions to pad organs | Adipose tissue
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| Transports oxygen, wastes, hormones, and enzymes | blood
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| contracts in response to stimulation | muscle tissue
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