history 266
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| ghazi | muslim religious warriors
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| osman bey | founder of ottoman dynasty.
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| ottoman | seminomadic turks who migrated to northwestern anatolia in the 13th century
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| bursa | ottoman capital, major commercial and intellectual center with inns, shops, schools, libraries, and mosques
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| 2 forces ghazi recruits were organized into | a light cavalry and a volunteer infantry
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| devshirme | ottoman requirement of the christian population of the Balkans to contribute young boys to become slaves of the sultan. boys received training, learned turkish and converted to islam
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| janissaries | christian boys who became ottoman soliders
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| Mehmed the conqueror | captured and made constantinople the new ottoman capital. expanded the ottoman empire
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| Suleyman the magnificent | promoted ottoman expansion in southwest asian and in europe. Ottomans also became a major naval power under him
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| Shah Ismail | founder of safavid empire. Claimed he was the hidden imam, or an incarnation of allah
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| twelver shiism | 12 imams(religious leaders), the 12th is in hiding and is believed to one day return to take power and spread his true religion.
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| qizilbash | (red hats) safavid followers wore distinctive red hats with 12 pleats in memory of the 12 shiite imams
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| Battle of chaldiran | sunni ottomans feared the shiite safavids would spread the safavid propaganda among the nomadic turks in their territory, ,so selim the grim persecuted all shiites in the ottoman empire
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| shah abbas the great | revitalized the safavid empire. moved the capital to isfahan, encouraged trade, reformed the administrative and military institutions
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| Zahir al Din Muhammad | known as babur (the tiger). a chaghatai turk, began the mughal empire
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| akbar | baburs grandson, a brilliant and charismatic ruler. no-nonsense ruler, thoughtful, reflective man deeply interested in religion and philosophy. pursued religious tolerance
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| the divine faith | focused attention on the emperor as a ruler common to all the religious, ethnic, and social groups on india (akbar)
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| aurangzeb | mughal empire reached its greatest extent under him. devout muslim, ended religious toleration, taxed hindus to encourage conversion
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| kanun | (laws) issued by suleyman the magnificent (ottoman)
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| Hurrem Sultana (Roxelana) | a concubine suleyman the magnificent was infatuated with and elevated to the status of a legal wife, consulted her on policies and killed his eldest son for her
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| columbian exchange | brought american crops the the islamic empires. introduced maize, potatoes, tomatoes, coffee and tobacco
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| portuguese goa | center of a christian mission in india. akbar invited portuguese jesuits but declined to commit
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| dhimmi | protected people. conquered peoples who did not convert to isla
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| 13th century founder of the ottoman dynasty | osman
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| 16th century founder of the safavid dynasty | shah ismael
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| mughal ruler who created a centralized administrative structure that included both hindus and muslims in position of power | Akbar
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| effective safavid ruler who modernized the army and retook hormuz from the portuguese | shah abbas
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| ruler who extended mughal rule into southern india but faced many challenges from his hindu subjects | Aurangzeb
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| ottoman sultan, known to his subjects as "the lawgiver" who expanded his empire into central europe | Suleyman the magnificent
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| 17th century ruler who sponsored the creation of the peacock throne and the construction of the taj mahal, 2 symbols of the wealth of the mughal empire | Shah Jahan
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| ottoman troops comprised of captive christian boys, raised in islam and devoted to the sultan | janissaries
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| followers of twelver shiism | qizilbash
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| ottoman sultan who conquered constinople and created a unified ottoman empire | mehmed the conqueror
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| In their rise of power the Ottomans were aided by the ghazi, who were | Muslim religious warriors.
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| The Ottoman military made use of | A)gunpowder weapons.
B)siege warfare.
C)specially trained Janissary forces.
D)armored cavalry.
*E)All of the answers are correct.
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| Which of the following places did not come under the control of the Muslim Ottomans | the Iranian plateau
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| Suleyman the Magnificent | captured Belgrade and laid siege to the city of Vienna.
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| In his "Turkish Letters," the Hungarian diplomat Ghislain de Busbecq expresses concerns that | Ottoman forces are hardier and more disciplined than European forces.
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| The Safavid Empire began with the reign of Shah Ismail, who claimed legitimacy to the throne by | tracing his ancestry back to a Sufi religious leader
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| Twelver Shiism was a Muslim sect that claimed that | Ismail was the "hidden" imam or even a reincarnation of Allah
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| At the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, | the Sunni Ottomans defeated the Shiite Safavids.
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| Shah Abbas revitalized the Safavid regime by all of the following means except | forging alliances with the Ottomans against Europeans.
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| The Mughal leader Babur originally invaded northern India in order to | finance his military campaigns in Central Asia.
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| The reforms of Akbar included all the following except | education and basic rights for Indian women.
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| The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb | replaced many Hindu temples with mosques.
B)required all nonbelievers to pay a special tax.
C)extended Mughal authority into southern India.
D)faced many rebellions and religious conflicts.
*E)All of the answers are correct
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| Politically, all three of the Islamic states began as | military states.
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| Foreign trade took hold primarily in | the Safavid and the Ottoman empires
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| One persistent problem within all three empires was | achieving a peaceful succession after the death of the emperor
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| Major trade commodities sought by European merchants from the Islamic empires included | silks, carpets, and other crafts.
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| Which of the following would not be an example of religious toleration under Muslim rule? | the jizya tax imposed by Aurangzeb
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| A major reason for the decline in the Islamic Empires was | the refusal to accept new ideas and technologies from the West.
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| The Muslim resistance to new ideas and technologies by the eighteenth century is illustrated by | A)the Ottoman ban on the printing press.
B)the purchase of outmoded weapons from Europe.
C)the banning of "impious" telescopes.
D)reluctance of Muslims to travel abroad.
*E)All of the answers are correct.
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