Brain&Behaviour
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| 90% of the cells in the brain are these, they physically & mechanically support neurons, manufacture and absorb chemicals, protect & Insulate nerve fibres and serve as the brains immune system | Glial Cells
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| axon terminals contain sacs of ...? | neurotransmitters
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| Basically what does the brain do in the NS? | control centre for the entire nervous system
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| Basically what does the somatic nervous system do? | receives incoming sensory messages and outgoing commands from brain to skeletal muscles
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| Basically what does the spinal cord do? | connects brain and PNS and enables spinal cord reflexes
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| Bundles of fibres through which information is transported | nerves
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| Communication between neurons? | chemical
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| Communication within a neuron? | Electrical
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| Finish the sentence. Axonal terminals are seperated from the next neuron by a _? | A gap called the synaptic cleft
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| Finish the sentence. Axonal terminals contain vescicles with _? | neurotransmitters
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| how are messages transmitted when it reaches the end of an axon? | neurotransmitters (NS nerve chemicals) are released which cross the synaptic cleft/gap and attaches to receptors in another neuron
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| how do drugs affect synapses? | a drug can mimic, increase, decrease or block effects of transmitter
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| How do drugs affect synpases | Mimic, Increase (agonist) or block (antagonist) effect of specific transmitters,
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| How do neurons actually function? | Irritability, Conductivity, Polarised plasma membrane at rest
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| How do neurons communicate with other cells | Synapses
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| how does action potential work? | Sodium (Na) channels open allowing more sodium inside the cell. This causes Potassium (K) channels to open and potassium to leave the cell. The cell interior then changes from negative to positively charged. Sodium particles move via diffusion along the m
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| how does myelin sheaths allow faster transmission of action potentials? | Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another nerve
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| How is information transmitted along neurons? | Pulses of electricity called action potential
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| How is the message carried by the axon? | Action potential - ion channels
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| I am a nerve cell that takes sensory information to the brain, stores memories, reach decisions and contol muscle activity? | Neurons
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| I am the largest part of the neuron and control metabolism and maintenance | Soma
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| I am tree like, transport messages from other neurons to the soma | Dendrite
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| I transmit messages away from the Soma towards the cells the neuron talks to | Axon
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| If a drug is an agonist what does it do | Mimics or increases effects of neurotransmitters
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| IF a drug is an antagonist what is its effect | Blocks effects of neurotransmitters
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| If a person sees a circle with dots and lines, but can't recognise the object as a clock, what are they suffering from and where in the brain is the deficit | Visual Agnosia, Occipital Lobe
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| If you have some type of illness, which cells of the brain will typically respond | Glial cells
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| I'm at the end of axons, and secrete neurotransmitters | Terminal buttons
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| In simple terms, what does the autonomic ns do? | regulates internal body environment such as breathing and functioning of heart beat
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| Information is transmitted along neurons by pulses of electricity called? | action potential
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| Name 5 neuroimaging techniques and name their purpose | PET, MRI, fMRI, CT, MEG
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| Name a disease occurs when the myelin sheath is destroyed | multiple sclerosis
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| Name and describe 3 neurotransmitters | Acetylcholine (learning, memory movement), Dopamine (arousal and mood,thought, physical), Serotonin & norepinephrine (autonomic stress response, arousal, mood,) GABA (main inhibitor), Glutamate (main excitatory), Endorphins (pain perception & relief)
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| Name some examples of drugs that are agonists | black widow spider venom, L-Dopa, amphetamines, cocaine, anti-anxiety drugs, morphine and heroin
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| Name some examples of drugs that are antagonists | botulinum poison, curare, anti-psychotic drugs, and anti-depressants
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| Name some nervous tissue cells | neurons, glia, microglia, ependymal, oligodendrocytes
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| name some neurotransmitters | acetylcholine (Ach), dopamine, seretonin and norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate and endorphins
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| Name some support cells of the PNS | satellite and schwann cells
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| name some types of acetylcholine and their effect (agonist or antagonist) | botulinum poison (antagonist), curare (antagonist)and black widow spider venom (agonist)
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| name some types of dopamine and their effect (agonist or antagonist) | L-dopa (agonist), anti-psychotic drugs (antagonists), amphetamine (agonist), cocaine (agonist)
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| name some types of endorphins and their effect (agonist or antagonist) | morphine and heroin (agonist), SIA - stress induced analgesia
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| name some types of GABA and glutamate and their effect (agonist or antagonist) | Gaba - anti-anxiety drugs
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| name some types of serotonin and norepinephrine and their effect (agonist or antagonist) | anti-depressants like prozac, zoloft and paxil. They are SSRI's.
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| Name the four principle parts of the neuron | Soma, Axon, Dendrite, terminal buttons
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| Name the three types of neurons | sensory. Motor and interneuron
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| Name two types of brain scans | PET - positron emission tomography and fMRI - function magnetic resonance imaging
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| The brain and spinal cord are enclosed by membranes called? | Meninges
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| The brain and spinal cord float in? | Cerebrospinal fluid
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| The terminal button belongs to the presynaptic or postsynaptic neuron | Presynaptic
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| True or false. Communicaton between a neuron is chemical? | TRUE
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| True or false. Communicaton within a neuron is chemical? | False. It is electrical
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| What are astrocytes? | """BBCS"" Brace neurons. Barrier between capillaries and neurons. Control chemical environment of the brain (CNS). star- shaped cells. "
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| What are ependymal cells? | line cavities of the brain and spinal cord. Circulate cerebrospinal fluid
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| what are ganglia? | collections of cell bodies outside the NS
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| What are glia? | cells that support neurons. Discard their waste, keep environment safe and insulate them
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| what are microglia? | phagocytes that dispose of waste
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| What are neurons? | nerve cells that are the NS messengers
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| What are oligodendrocytes? | support cells that produce myelin sheath around nerve fibres in the CNS
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| What are some of the difficulties involved in studying brain injuries and interpreting their significance | The extent of damage, variations in brain structure (regional), gender, brain complexity, intellectual ability etc
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| What are the 3 areas of the brain stem | Pons, medulla and midbrain
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| What are the chemicals called that neurons release that go to furhter areas of the brain and give an example | Neuromodulaters, endorphins
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| What are the different types of glia | Astrocytes, Ependymal Cells, Schwann Cells,
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| What are the fibres that stick out of the cell body and receive information from other neurons? | dendrites
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| What are the functions of the Nervous System | Sensory input (changes=stimuli), integration (process, interpret, decide), Motor output (response)
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| What are the functions of the Nervous System? | 1. Sensory input. 2. Integration. 3. Motor Output
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| what are the gaps called that are in the myelin sheath which lies along the axon? | nodes of Ranvier
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| what are the group of transmitters invloved in pain perception and relief? | endorphins
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| what are the major categories of neurotransmitters? | biogenic amines, amino acids and peptides
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| What are the major regions of neurons? | cell body. Dendrites and axons and axon terminals
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| What are the neurons made up of? | 7 - Cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon,myelin sheath, nodes of ranvier, terminal endings
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| What are the primary functions of the frontal lobe | Movement, planning, changing strategies, self-awareness, evaluating emotionally related stimuli and spontaneous behaviour
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| What are the structural classifications of the Nervous System? | Central Nervous System (CNS) - Brain and spinal cord and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - somatic and autonomic. Autonomic - Sympathetic and parasympathetic
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| What are the sub categories of the autonomic ns? | sympathetic and parasympathetic
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| What are the sub categories of the somatic ns? | None. It is the autonomic that has sub categories
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| What are the subdivisions of the efferent division? | somatic and autonomic
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| What are the three major parts of the brain | brain stem, cerebellum, cerebral cortex
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| what are the two phases of an electrical impulse? | excitatory and inhibitory
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| What can be disrupted by damage to the association area of the left parietal lobe | Reading, writing, understanding of speech, precise hand movements ie drawing
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| what can excessive amounts of glutamate do? | neuron death
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| what causes an action potential? | starting in the dendrite there are voltage changes across the cell membrane, reaching a threshold.
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| What cells produce myelin? | schwann cells
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| What comprises the central nervous system? | brain and spinal cord
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| What connects brain & CNS and enables spinal reflexes | Spinal Cord
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| What connects the cerebral hemispheres | Corpus Callosum
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| what could lack of GABA contribute to? | epilepsy
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| What covers nerve fibres? | schwann cells and nodes of Ranvier
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| What covers the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, consists of a thin layer of tissue and is often referred to as Grey Matter | cereberal cortex
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| What do neuropsychologists study? | relationship between brain and function
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| What do satellite cells do? | protect neuron cell bodies
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| What do schwann cells do? | form myelin sheath in PNS
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| what does dopamine do? | impacts our thought processes, physical movement, arousal and moods.
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| what does seretonin and norepinephrine do? | play a major role in mood disorders (depression), particularly in levels of arousal and mood
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| what does the axon do? | transmits messages through the neuron AWAY from the cell
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| What does the parasympathetic system do? | """rest and digest"" - controls body in rest situations"
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| What does the peripheral nervous system consist of? | The nerves connecting CNS with sense organs, muscles and glands
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| What does the sympathetic ns do? | """fight or flight"" - controls body in arousal situations"
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| What happens in the sensory association cortex | information from primary sensory cortex is analysed, perception and memories are stored
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| What is a CT and when is it used | Computerised topography uses xrays to collect slices of the brain and determine location of brain damage
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| What is a fMRI Scan and when is it used | Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to provide a clear picture of brain function
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| What is a MEG and when is it used | Detects magnetic field activity to study various brain functions
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| What is a MRI Scan and when is it used | Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to provide a clear picture of brain structure,
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| What is a non-invasive way to investigate CNS activity | EEG (electroencephalography)
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| What is a PET Scan and when is it used | A Positron Emission Tomograhphy scan uses non-toxic radiocative material to measure activity rates in the brain
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| What is a synapse | Where the termimal button of one neuron and the membrane of a another cell meets
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| What is a synapse? | the junction between nerves
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| what is acetycholine involved in? | learning and memory, and muscle movement
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| what is action potential? | a change in the polarity inside the cell from negative to positive when the cell is generating a signal
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| What is an interneuron? | Only in CNS.
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| What is another term for the motor division in the PNS? | Efferent pathway - data comes FROM the CNS
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| What is another term for the sensory division in PNS? | Afferent pathway - information goes TO the CNS
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| what is created when cells have an unequal distribution of charged ions? | membrane potential
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| what is GABA? | the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the NS
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| What is grey matter | cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
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| What is integration? | To process and interpret gathered information and decided next course of action
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| What is modularity? | the idea that there are modules in the brain that are repsonsible for particular functions
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| What is motor output? | A response to integrated stimuli which activates muscles or glands.
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| What is psychobiology? | The study of the role of physiology and anatomy in the regulation and execution of behaviour
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| what is response called when a neuron responds to stimuli? | irritability
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| what is resting potential? | the nerve cell is not active. The cell inside is negatively charged
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| What is sensory input? | Gathering information to monitor changes/stimuli occurring inside and outside the body.
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| What is SIA | Stress Induced Analgesia
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| What is the afferent division | Sensory ) nerve fibres taking info to CNS
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| What is the conduit for incoming sensory input and outgoing commands from brain to skeletal muscles? | Somatic Nervous System
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| What is the control centre for entire nervous system | The brain
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| What is the difference between gyri and fissures and why are they important | Fissures are large grooves in the brain, gyri are the bulges. They help increase the surface area of the brain
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| What is the difference between Neuroglia and Neurons | Neurons divide, most brains tumours involve glial cells
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| What is the efferent division | Motor (info away from CNS)
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| What is the general term for the layer of nerves that connects the cerebral cortex to the other parts of the brain | White Matter
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| What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter called? | glutamate which is invloved in memory storage and pain perception
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| What is the primary function of the cerebellum | Control and coordinate movements
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| What is the primary function of the cranial nerves | They primarily serve the muscles and sense organs in the head and neck ie taste, chewing
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| What is the primary sensory function of the parietal lobe | Perception of the body
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| what is the state of the plasma membrane when it is at rest? | polarised
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| What is the study of the electrical potentials generated by the workings of the heart | ECG (electrocardiography)
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| what is the term for a drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter? | antagonist
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| what is the term for a drug that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter? | agonist
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| what is the term that describes the neurons ability to transmit and impulse? | conductivity
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| What makes up a neuron | nerve cells, major regions -cell body - nucleus and metabolic centre,
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| what makes up the cns? | brain and spinal cord
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| what possibly can deficient amounts of glutamate do? | may explain schizophrenia
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| what sends messages to other neurons? | axon terminals
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| What substance insulates axons | Myelin
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| What technique is used to measure skeletal muscle activity? | EMG (electromyography)
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| What three types of neuron are involved in the withdrawal reflex | Sensory neurons, interneurpn, motor neuron
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| What type of symptoms can be caused by damage to the primary auditory cortex and auditory association areas? | Primary Auditory - hearing loss. Left auditory -comprehension and speech difficulties. Right - difficulty recognising and locating non-speech sounds
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| What, primarily, is the result of damage to the right parietal lobe | Perception eg inability to draw a complete picture
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| When an axon fires, a neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft, creating two different types of synapses. What are they | Excitatory or inhibitory
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| Where are microglia and ependymal cells found? | CNS
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| where are neuron cell bodies found? | in the grey matter, nuclei in the white matter of CNS and the ganglia
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| Where are the primary auditory cortex and auditory association cortexes located | Temporal Lobe
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| Which 3 areas of the cerebral cortex recieve information from the sensory organs | Primary Visual Cortex, Primary Auditory Cortex, Primary Somatosensory cortex
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| Which areas are most usually damaged in car accidents | forebrain, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
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| Which disease are high levels of dopamine associated with? | schizophrenia
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| Which disease are low levels of dopamine associated with? | Parkinsons
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| Which nerves are reponsible for information transmission throughout the nervous system | Neurons
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| Which region of the cerebral cortex is involved with movement control | Primary Motor Cortex
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| Why are EDR & GSR measurements relevant to the study of psychology. | Skin conductance changes with positive and negative emotion, perceptual awareness and degree of thought
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| What does the Peripheral Nervous System do? | assimilates data from both the external and internal environments for the brain via sensory neurons. Uses motor neurons to transmit messages from the brain to the body.
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| How are the autonomic and somatic nervous system different? | The ANS regulates internal environment. Has sympathetic and parasympathetic sub categories. The SNS conveys messages from the CNS to skeletal muscles and from sensory receptors to the CNS.
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| Describe the Autonomic Nervouse System | involuntary. Only made of motor neurons. Has two divisions - parasympathetic and sympathetic.
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| What reactions occur when the sympathetic nervous system is activated? | fight or flight. Dilates pupils, heart beats faster. Digestion stops. Sweaty palms.
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| What reactions occur when the parasymphetic nervous system is activated? | rest and digest. Heart rate slows. Digestion occurs. Dry palms. Slows breathing.
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| Describe the endocrine glandular system | not part of the NS. Secretes hormons. Works with ANS and stress response, and 'animal' functions i.e. Sex, eating, metabolism, growth and reproduction
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| What does the hypothalamus do? | controls pituitary gland. Rythym maker. Stimuli sensory system of the body - sleep, arousal, emotions, pain, homeostasis
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| What does the pituitary gland do? | influences actions of other hormones and regulates growth
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| What does the thyriod do? | metabolism,growth and maturation. Secreyes thyroid hormone.
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| What are is affected by the adrenal glands? | metabolism. Fight or flight response with ANS.
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| What does the pancreas do? | digestion and maintaining blood-sugar levels.
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| What is the significance of the physical proximity of the endocrine system to each other? | learning for survival.
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| Where is the pituitary gland located? | base of brain below optic nerve
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| What is the hypothalamus located? | connected to pituitary gland. Anterior to amygdala
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| What does the pineal gland do? | secretes melatonin - regulates sleep and wake cycles, and mood.
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| Name some hormones | growth hormone (controls growth), prolactin (breastmilk), ACTH (adrenal glands), TSH (thyroid), FSH (reproduction), LSH (reproduction), ADH (urine concentration), Oxytocin (womb contraction and breastmilk)
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| What does the parathyroid gland do? | controls calcium balance. Releases parathyroid hormone
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| Name two pathologies of the thyroid? | Hyperthyroidism - weight loss, anxiety, nervousness, irritability, reduced menstrual flow. Hypothroidism - depression
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| What does testosterone do? | growth of male sex organs, maturity. Variations in levels effect behaviour i.e. High levesl = more aggression
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| What does oestrogen do? | growth and maturation of female sex organs, pelvis bone structure, uterus. Starts menstrual cycle.
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| How do drugs effect the CNS? | mimic, alter (agonist) and block (antagonist) neurotransmitters.
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| What are the theories of motivation? | DIOR - Drive, incentive, optimum arousal and reinforcement.
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| Name some motivations | physiological - sex, hunger and thirst. Psychological - contact, self-esteem, love.
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| Where does motivation come from? | a lack of the desired or needed, or a need for stimulus
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| What is motivation? | a need or desire that energises and directs behaviour
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| What is bulimia nervosa | An eating disordercharacterised by a loss of control of food intake
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| what is the general term for a state of arousal that involves facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings and tendencies towards action all shaped by cultural rules | Emotion
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| Which structure in the midbrain is responsible for determining the emotional importance of incoming sensory information | Amygdala
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| The gene that causes fat cells to produce lectin is called | Ob
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| The function of lectin is to regulate the long term control of eating or activate eating on a meal by meal basis | Long term control o f eating
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| "Which of the following statements is more accurate? A | Obesity can be explained by a single all inclusive explanation or B
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| An eating disorder characterised by a severe decrease in eating is called bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa | anorexia nervosa
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| A hormone that contributes to sexual motivation in both women and men is testosterone or progesterase | Testosterone
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| Having a sexual interest that is directed towards either same sex people or opposite sex people is generally called sexual desire or sexual orientation? | sexual orientation
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| A hormone that contributes to aggression, especially in men is called amalyase or testosterone? | testosterone
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| Often members of a species show aggression towards other members of that same species, this phenomonen is called intraspecific agression or personal dominance driving | intraspecific aggression
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| When one animal shows a threat gesture to another animal the other animal generally shows a reluctance gesture or an appeasement gesture | appeasement gesture
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| Happiness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust and contempt are all examples of phylogenetic emotions or primary emotions | Primary emotions
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| The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called facial feedback or emotional feed forward | Facial Feedback
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| Shachter and Singer argued that emotions were the result of undifferentiated arousal and heightened brain activity or an appropriate cognitive lable for that arousal | They argued that emotion was both cognition assessment and perception of physical arousal
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| "True or False | Motivation is best understood as a biological process"
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| What protein is released from fat cells and helps the hypothalmus control food intake | lectin
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| What do we call the eating disorder characterised by binge and purge cycles | Bulimia
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| True or false? Complications from anorexia can lead to death? | TRUE
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| True or False? Men have on average a greater sex drive than women | TRUE
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| True or False? There are compelling psychogical reasons for the development of homosexuality, such as the presence of a domineering mother or absence of a father figure | FALSE
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| True or False? People everywhere are born with certain basic or primary emotions | TRUE
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| True or False? Emotion involves the complex interplay of physiological, mental and cultural systems | TRUE
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| True or False? Our appraisal of events is more likely to affect our emotional consequences than the event i tself | TRUE
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| True or False? Research shows that facial expressions of primary emotions can be recognised with very high rates of accuracy by members of many different cultures | TRUE
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| True or False? Areas of the occipital lobe, cerebellum and brain stem are involved in the experience of emotion | FALSE
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| True or False? Emotions are easy to define, easy to understand and easy to capture in lab situations | FALSE
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| Which theory asserts that most behaviours are as a result of genetics and are innate. | Instinct theory
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| Which motivational theory asserts that motivation is a like a tea kettle and that we are driven to obtain homeostasis and give an example | Drive Reduction Theory - eg get hungry, find food, eat food, no longer hungry
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| Which motivational theory asserts that our behaviours are not just about obtaining object of desire, but are a result of a need for stimulation. Give an example | Optimum arousal - fidgeting out of boredom, thrill seeking, curiousity
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| Which theory of motivation focusses on external events that can induce states of arousal | Incentive motivation
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| what are the 5 physiological mechanisms that are associated with hunger | Stomach contractions, blood chemistry (glucose), hypothalamus, leptin, satiety
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| What are some of the psychological mechansisms associated with hunger | external incentives, eating disorders,
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| What are some of the motivational factors involved associated with thirst | Osmometric thirst, volumetric thirst, hypovolemic thirst, sodium thirst, alchohol, taste, distraction
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| What are some factors associated with sexual motivation | learned associations, cultural factors, sexual norms, gender differences, fantasies,m hormones, pheromones, genetices
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| Which genetic syndrome is characterised by one functional (x) chromosome, feminine reproductive organs, reduced sex drive, low estrogen levels | Turners Syndrome
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| Which genetic syndrome is characterised by an extra x chromosome, low testosterone levels, phenotypic males with reduced genitals and less body hair | Klinefelters Syndrome
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| What are some psychological motivators associated with sex | appearance, drive reduction, affection and attention, smell and direct contact, erotic stimuli and images
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| How many emotions did Izard isolate? | 10
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| Which emotions did Izard find weren't present in infancy | contempt, shame and guilt
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| Why do we suppose that emotion has a biological basis | Because base emotions are present at birth
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| Where does the controversy arise within theories of emotion | Does physiological arousal precede or follow emotional experience? Does thinking precede feeling?
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| Describe the James Lange theory | That physiological activity precedes the emotional experience
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| Describe the Cannon-Bard Theory | That emotion-triggering stimulus and body's arousal are simultaneous
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| What is the two-factor theory and who proposed it? | Schacter and Singer proposed that physiology and cognitions create emotions
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| Which part of the nervous system is aroused during an emotional experience? | autonomous
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| Are there physiological similarities between fear, excitement, love, boredom | yes
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| Which early developing area of the brain focuses mostly on anger and rage and plays a central role in emotional processing o f sensory information | amygdala
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| Name three of the neural bases of emotion | Amygdala, septum, olfactory bulb, mammilary body, cingulated cortex, fornix, hippocampus
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| What is the Kluvy-Bucy syndrome | No amygdalae/right left medical regions malfunction
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| What type of stimulus activate the amygdala | positive and negative, intensely pleasurable music, hearing laughter and crying
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| Does negative emotional stimuli activate the left or right PFC | Right
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| What do lesions in the ventromedial PFC cause |
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| In which hemisphere i s emotionexpression processed and recognised by most people | Right
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| Does cognition always precede emotion | no
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| What is the difference between the thinking low and thinking high road | Thinking low - emotions felt directly through amygdala (faster), thinking high - goes through cortex, more complex, goes through PFC, sensory cortex etc
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| Is the non-verbal language of emotion universal | there are 6 basic expressions - fear, anger, happy, sad, surprise, disgust
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| How did Darwin explain facial expressions | As a way of communicating before we had language
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| Name four motivation theories/theorists | 1) James-Lange Theory 2) Cannon-Bard Theory 3) Two-Factor Theory (Schachter and Singer) 4) Zajonc and LeDoux
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| What happens when the Amygdala is removed? | Show less fear, unable to recognise other non-fear emotions, tameness, more outgoing and adventurous
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| Can pleasurable music or erotic pictures activate the amygdala? | Yes
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| What are the three areas of the pre-frontal cortex (PFC)? | Dorsolateral PFC, Ventromedial PFC and Orbitofrontal PFC
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| Which are of the pre-frontal cortex is activated by positive emotional stimuli? | Left PFC
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| Which are of the pre-frontal cortex is activated by negative emotional stimuli? | Right PFC
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| What happens when lesions occur on the orbitofrontal PFC? | Reduced inhibition of behaviour, impaired ability to translate judgements and conclusions about events into appropriate feelings and behaviours.
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| What happens when lesions occur on the ventromedial PFC? | General failure to anticipate future positive or negative consequences of actions.
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| In most people, emotional expression and recognition is carried out in the ______ hemisphere? | Right
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| If a photo is seen in one eye only, which eye is better to see with to obtain the emotion associated with the picture? | Left eye
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| Does cognition always precede emotion? | No. Eg. Subliminal messages act this way.
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