Muscle Tissue Exam
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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on it to display the answer.
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| The response of a muscle to a single threshold stimulus. | Simple muscle twitch.
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| Name the 3 phases of the single muscle twitch. | 1. latent
2. contraction
3. relaxation
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| What causes the myosin heads to be released from the actin active sites? | The addition of ATP
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| What causes the myosin heads to "recock" back to their high-energy position? | The hydrolysis of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) splits to become ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)+ P + energy.
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| Ach is contained in the ___________. | Synaptic vesicles.
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| Action potential moving down the axon causes the ______________ to open. | Calcium Ion (Ca++) channels
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| What causes the synaptic vessicles to move to the bottom of the axon terminus? | The influx of Ca++ in the axon
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| The space between the axon terminus and the motor end plate is the ____________. | Synaptic cleft
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| A nerve cell whic stimulates or innervates a muscle. | Motor neuron
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| What stops the action potential along the sarcolemma? | An enzyme at the motor end plate called acetylcholinesterate (AchE)hydrolyzes the Ach, stopping the action potential down the sarolemma and t-tubules. This means that the SR doesn't release Ca++ into the sarcoplasm.
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| What would happen if AchE was inhibited? | The muscles could not relax - they would be in a constant state of contraction.
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| What would happen if an Ach receptor was blocked? | The muscle would not contract. ex) Botox
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| The light part of muscle striations | I-band
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| The dark part of muscle striations | A-band
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| rod-shaped organelle responsible for contraction that is composed of sarcomeres joined end-to-ed | Myofibril
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| A bundle of muscle fibers is called a _________ and is wrapped in a connective tissue called __________. | Fascicle/Perimysium
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| The ___________, _____________, and ___________ combine at the end of a skeletal muscle to form tendon. | epimysium / perimysium / endomysium (connective tissues)
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| Name the 3 main functions of skeletal muscles: | 1) Movement 2) Generate heat 3) Stabilize joints
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| What causes the appearance of striations in muscles? | The presence of alternating A-bands and I-bands.
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| What is the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP? | ATP + H20 --> ADP + P + energy
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| The period between the introduction of stimulus and the beginning of the contraction phase: | Latent period
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| A motor neuron and all the muscle fiber it innervates (stimulates): | Motor Unit
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| The smooth, but steady increase in muscular tension produced by increasing the number of active motor units: | Recruitment
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| Small motor units produce __________ contractions, with __________ movements. | weaker / fine, more precise
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| Large motor units produce __________ contractions, with ___________ movements. | stronger / gross, less precise motor
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| The resting tension in a skeletal muscle - Random, asynchronous motor unit contractions providing a nearly constant state of low-level tension and resistance to stretch: | Muscle Tone
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| A function of muscle tone: | stabilizing the positions of bones and joints.
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| What produces tension? | Sarcomere shortening and muscle fiber stimulation.
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| Describe what is happening during the Latent Period: | Action potential development, Ca++ released into the sarcoplasm, cross-bridges begin to cycle.
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| Describe what is happening during the Period of Contraction: | Sarcomeres shorten (speed of contraction depends on weight being lifted and muscle type)
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| Describe what is happening during the Period of Relaxation: | Ca++ transported back to sarcoplasmic reticulum, cross-bridge cycle decreases and ends, tension is reduced and muscle returns to original length.
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| Name the 3 factores which affect muscle tension: | 1) Frequency of stimulation 2) Number of motor units recruited 3) Degree of muscle stretch
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| When a 2nd stimulus arrives before the relaxation phase has ended, a second, more powerful contraction occurs. This is called the ______________. | Temporal (wave) summation
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| The gradual increase in muscular contraction following rapidly repeated simulation. | Treppe (German for staircase)
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| A muscle producing almost peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation. During this phase, there is still some degree of relaxtation present. | Incomplete (unfused) tetanus
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| Higher stimulation frequency completely eliminates the relaxation phase. Reason: the SR does not have time to reclain the Ca++ in the sarcoplasm. The abundance of Ca++ keeps the cross-bridge cycle going. (flat line on graph) | Complete (fused) tetanus
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| Condition that results from build-up of lactic acid, lack of ATP, and ionic imbalances due to action potential generation. (slope downward on graph) | Muscle fatigue
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| How do you correct muscle fatigue? | Rest and adequate blood supply.
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| A stimulus that does not evoke a visible response. The number of motor units responding is not sufficient to cause a visible response. | Subthreshold stimulus
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| The minimum stimulus that can evoke a response | Threshold stimulus
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| A stronger response than threshold because additional motoe units join in to increase in tension. | Recruitment
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| When all motor units are being recruited and more intense stimulus does not evoke a greater response. | Maximal stimulus
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| The Length-Tension Relationship states that the strength of a muscle __________ can be altered by changing the starting _________ of a muscle. | contraction / length
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| Unstretched muscle has overlapping ___________, and produces a relatively _________ contraction. | thin filaments (or actin) / weak
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| What degree of stretch provides the best conditions for good contraction? | Moderately stretched muscle. FYI: the filaments are aligned such that all the crossbridges can participate in contraction.
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| Thin filaments pulled almost to the ends of thick filaments, so little tention can be developed. Results in straining, tearing, or pulling a muscle. | Over stretched muscle
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| Glycolysis takes place exclusively within the ________. | cytoplasm
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| Glycolysis does not require __________. | oxygen
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| How many molecules of ATP does glycolysis produce? | 2
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| Glycolysis produces __ pyruvate molecules. After glycolysis, each pyruvate molecule enters the __________ single file. | 2 / mitochondria
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| The ______ _______ turns once per pyruvate molecule. Therefore, 1 glucose molecule = 2 ______ _______ turns. | Kreb's cycle / Kreb's cycle
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| 2 Kreb's cycle turns produces __ ATP molecules | 2
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| What is the Kreb's cycle's most important function? | Hydrogen harvesting
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| ________is the final acceptors in the electron transport chain. | Oxygen
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| The majority of ATP produced by aerobic respiration is produced here: | Electron transport chain (32-34 ATP, when starting with 1 glucose molecule)
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| Name 3 products of the Kreb's cycle: | Carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrogen, and 2 ATP molecules.
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| The Hydrogen molecules produced by the Kreb's cycle are each made up of 1 _______ and 1 _________. | proton / electron
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| At each step down the ETC, the ________ loses _______. | electron / energy
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| If O2 is present, muscles prefer to burn ________ for energy. | fatty acids
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| Name the products of fermenation (anaerobic respiration) | 2 ATP per 1 glucose molecule; lactic acid, which is released into the blood
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| What is the equation for direct phosphorylation? | 1 molecule of Creatine Phosphate + ADP --> 1 molecule of ATP + creatine
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| Duration of energy provision for aerobic respiration: | Hours
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| Duration of energy provision for anaerobic respiration (fermentation): | 30-60 seconds
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| Duration of energy provision for direct phosphorylation? | 15 seconds
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| Aerobic respiration produces _________ water. | metabolic
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| Creatine phosphate is stored in the _______ ______. | muscle cells
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| Do have a high or low myoglobin content? | high
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| The primary pathway for ATP production in red slow twitch fibers is: | Aerobic respiration
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| The primary pathway for ATP production in white fast twitch muscle fiber is: | Anaerobic (fermentation) glycolysis.
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| Do have high or low glycogen stores? | Low (their primary fuel is fat - remember: if O2 is present after glycolysis, muscles preferable fuel for ATP production is FATTY ACID)
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| Do white fast twitch fibers have high or low glycogen stores? | High. (their primary fuel for ATP production is glucose!!)
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| Are red slow twitch fibers fatigable or fatigue-resistant? | Fatigue resistant. (which makes sense, since they primarily use aerobic respiration, which has an energy provision of "hours")
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| Are white fast twitch fibers fatigable or fatigue-resistant? | fatigable (since they use fermentation, which has a very short enrgy provision of 30-60 seconds)
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| Which type of muscle fiber has many mitochondria? | red slow twitch (which makes sense, since its primary method of energy production is aerobic.....which occurs in the mitochondria)
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| Which type of muscle fiber has few capillaries? | white fast twitch (doesn't need as much oxygen, since uses fermentation!)
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| Best type of muscle fiber for endurance activities like running a marathon: | red slow twitch
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| Best type of muscle fiber for intense, short, powerful movements (like hitting a baseball)? | white fast twitch
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| A red pigment found in muscles, which stores oxygen: | myoglobin
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| Muscles that are attached to bones: | Skeletal muscle
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| Make up the walls of hollow organs: | Smooth muscle
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| Make up the heart: | Cardiac muscle
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| This type of muscle is striated and multinucleated: | Skeletal muscle
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| Which muscle types are striated? | Skeletal muscle and Cardiac muscle
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| Which muscle types are nonstriated? | just one: Smooth muscle
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| Which muscle types are uninucleated? | Smooth muscle and Cardiac muscle (cardiac muscle is TYPICALLY uninucleated)
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| Which muscle type contains intercalated discs? | Cardiac muscle. Typically, only one nucleus is found between two intercalated discs.
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| Which muscle types are involuntary? | Smooth muscle and Cardiac muscle
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| Does skeletal muscle have large or small cells? | Large
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| Does smooth muscle have large or small cells? | Small
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| Does cardiac muscle have large or small cells? | Large
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| The slow-contracting muscle type: | Smooth muscle
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| The fast-contracting muscle type: | Skeletal muscle
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| Cardiac muscle's speed of contraction is: | Moderate
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| __________ muscles cannot divide. | Skeletal
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| Cardiac muscles have a _________ capacity for division. | limited
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| Smooth muscles have a _________ capacity for division. | limited
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| __________ muscle has a larger capacity for regeneration than the other 2 muscle types. | Smooth muscle
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| Which muscle types contain sarcomeres? | Skeletal muscle and Cardiac muscle (which makes sense, since they are the two that are striated)
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