Science terms and study questions
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Consider a huge rotating cloud of particles in space that gravitate together to form an increasingly dense ball. As the cloud shrinks in size, it rotates | Faster
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| To say that electric charge is conserved means that no case has ever been found where | Net charge has been created or destroyed
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| Electrons are made to flow in a wire when there is a | A potential difference across it ends
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| Moving electric charges will interact with | A magnetic and electric field
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| An object is raised above the ground gaining a certain amount of potential energy. If the same object is raised twice as high, it gains | Twice as much potential energy
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| Which has greater kinetic energy, a car traveling at 30km/h or a car of half that mass traveling at 60 km/h | The 60-km/h car
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| Thermal energy is a measure of vibrational and | Translational and Rotational Kinetic energy
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| The direction of a gravitational field is | In the same direction of gravitational attraction
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| When the distance between tow stars decreases by half, the force between them | increased to four times a much
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| The electrical forces between charges depends on the | Magnitude of electric charge and the separation distance between electric charges
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| A proton and an electron are placed in an electric field. Which undergoes the greater acceleration | The electron
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| An Ampere is a unit of electrical | Current
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| Charge carriers in a metal are electrons rather than protons because electrons are | loosely bound
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| The source of all magnetism is | moving electric charge
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| The force on an electron moving in a magnetic field will be the largest when its direction is | perpendicular to the magnetic field direction
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| The solar system consist of objects | gravitationally bound to the sun
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| The headlights, radio, and defroster fan in an automobile are connected in a | parallel
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| Magnetic domains normally occur in | Iron
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| As more lamps are put into a series circuit, the overall current in the power source | decreases
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| When the distance between tow charges is halved, the electrical force between the charges | quadruples
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| Which force bonds atoms together to form molecules | electrical
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| A flower pot of mass m falls from rest to the ground below, a distance k. Which statement is correct | The KE of the pot when it hits the ground is proportional to h.
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| An object that has kinetic energy must be | Moving
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| Current flows through a | circuit
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| Thrust a magnet into a coil of wire and the coil | Becomes an electromagnet and has a current in ti
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| If you do work on an object in half the time, your power output is | twice the usual power output
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| If you push an object twice as far while applying the same force, you do | Twice as much work
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| According to Newton, the greater the masses of interacting objects, the | greater the gravitational force between them
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| Voltage can be induced in a wire by | Moving a magnet near the wire, changing the current in a nearby wire and moving the wire near a magnet
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| An Earth satellite is | simply a projectile freely falling around the Earth
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| If you exert 1 N for a distance of 1m in 1s, you will deliver a power of | 1W
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| A main difference between gravitational and electrical forces is that electrical forces | repel or attract
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| The main difference between a radio wave and a light wave is its | wavelength and frequency
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| Which electromagnetic waves has the shortest wavelength | Xray
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| Relative to ultraviolet waves, the wavelength of infrared waves is | longer
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| Light behaves primarily as a particle when it | interacts with matter
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| The fastest seismic wave is a | Primary wave
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| The Richter scale measures an earthquakes | Magnitude
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| Tsunami are caused usually by | Earthquakes in subduction zones
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| In a swell, wavelength is constant.As a swell nears the shore and touches bottom, the wavelength | shortens, wave speed slows, and wave height increases
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| The source of all wave motion is a | vibrating object
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| The vibrations of a longitudinal wave move in a direction | along the direction of wave travel
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| A transverse wave is not a | sound wave
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| Compressions and rarefractions are characteristic of | longitudinal waves
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| In designing a music hall, an acoustical engineer deals mainly with | Resonance
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| Refraction of sound can occur in | water and air
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| Electromagnetic waves consist of | vibrating electric and magnetic fields
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| Sound travels faster in | air
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| The Richter scale measures the | amount that the ground shakes during an earthquake
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| The Mercalli scale measures the | damage done by an earthquake
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| A sound wave is a | longitudinal wave
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| For light, a red shift indicates the light source moves | away from you
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| Relative to radio waves, the velocity of visible light waves in a vacuum is | more
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| Sound waves cannot travel in | a vacuum
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| Most of the electromagnetic spectrum consist visable light | False
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| A sound source of high frequency emits a high | speed, pitch, amplitude
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| The source of all electromagnetic waves is | vibrating charges
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| Wave interference occurs for | water, light and sound waves
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| The movement of water in a wave travels | in a circular path at a depth of one-half the wavelength
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| The photoelectric effect best demonstrates the | particle nature of light
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| Earth Quake P-Waves | Are longitudinal vibrations similar to sound waves
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| Science and technology are | related to one another, but not the same thing
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| Using science to analyze nature | adds depth to our understanding and therefore adds to our appreciation of nature
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| A kilogram is a measure of an object's | mass
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| In science, an educated guess is a | hypothesis
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| The statement, " There are regions beneath Earth's crust that will always be beyond the reach of scientific investigation", is a | speculation
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| A scientific hypothesis may turn out to be right or it may turn out to be wrong. If it is a valid hypothesis, there must be a test for proving it | wrong
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| Whereas Aristotle relied on logic in explaining nature, Galileo relied on | Experiment
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| A 1-kg mass at Earth's surface weights about | 10N
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| What is the acceleration of a car that maintains a constant velocity of 100 km/h for 10s | 1000 km/h/s
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| If experimental findings are not reproducible | the results are not considered valid
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| Most natural phenomena we wonder about | involve several scientific disciplines
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| Science, art and religion do not contradict one another because | all three have different domains
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| In a scientific experiment, a control is | a test that duplicates an experimental test except for one variable and a way to study the effects of just one experimental variable
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| The scientific method is a method for | designing experiments
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| The synthesis of a large collection of information that contains well-tested and verified hypotheses about certain aspects of the world is know as a scientific | theory
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| If a freely falling object were somehow equipped with a speedometer, its speed reading would increase each second by about | 10m/s
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| compared to the mass of uranium nucleus before splitting, the pieces it splits into have | less mass
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| Energy released by the sun results from the process wherein atomic nuclei | combine
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| Compared to the sum of the masses of all the individual nucleons in their separate states that make up a nucleus, the mass of the composite nucleus is | more
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| The predominant gas in the atmosphere of Mars is | carbon dioxide
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| Asteroids that are most likely to fall to Earth with devastating impact are asteroids of the | Inner solar system
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| The Oort cloud is like the Kuniper Belt in that it | has the same geometric shape
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| The difference between apparent brightness and luminosity is that | luminosity is a good indicator of the energy output of a star
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| Red giants are stars that | are large but have low surface temperatures
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| To date the age of old rocks, which parent isotopes are most useful | uranium-235 and uranium-238
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| The atomic mass number of an element is the same as the number of its | Protons
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| Different isotopes of an element have different numbers of | neutrons
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| Which isotope is radioactive | carbon-12
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| Why are the inner planets rocky | they are formed from materials with high melting points
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| A nucleon has more potential energy with respect to a nucleus when it is | outside the nucleus
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| Thermonuclear fusion occurs mainly in the | cores of stars
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| Between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, radioactive by-products are more characteristic of nuclear | fission
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| The temperature of a star is evidenced by its | color
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| A black hole is | the remains of a giant collapsed star
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| A pulsar is likely a | throbbing star in its death throes
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| The planet with a size most like Earth's is | Venus
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| In both fission and fusion, mass | is changed to the form of kinetic energy
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| Evidence for the Big band theory is the | long wavelength radiation that permeates the universe and slowing down of galaxies as they recede
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| White dwarfs are stars that | are large but have high surface temperature
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| After our sun burns its supply of hydrogen, it will become a | red giant
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| The Hertsprung-Russell Diagram, an important tool of astronomers, relates stellar temperature to staller | color
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| Carbon dating requires that the object being tested contains | organic material
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| Compared to the density of water, the density of Saturn is | more
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| The fact that one side of the moon always faces Earth is evidence that while revolving about the Earth, it | rotates about its axis
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| The Nebular theory is based upon the observation that the solar system | is highly ordered, indicating it formed in a step wise manner from physical processes
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| Stars on the main sequence of the Hertzprung-Russell diagram | generate energy by fusing hydrogen to helium
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| A blue star is _______ than a red star | hotter
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| Electric forces within an atomic nucleus tend to | hold it together
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| The planet that is most tipped to its orbital plane is | Uranus
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| The end result of radioactive decay can be a different | element, atom or isotope
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| The atomic number of an element is the same as the number of its | protons
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| Generally speaking, the larger a nucleus is, the greater it | instability
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| An atom with an imbalance of electrons to protons is | an ion
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| Uranium-235, 238, 239 are different | isotopes
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| Radiometric dating is based on | proportions of radioactive isotopes and their decay products
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| Earth | Support life, rotates 24hrs, Water (Liquid + Ice), Nitrogen, Oxygen, Mild green house effect, Active tectonic plates, 1 moon- cause tides + maintain earth tilt, earthquakes + volcanos,
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| Mars | core, mantel + crust thin cloudness atmosphere high carbon dioxide cold surface - due to green house high winds - low density rotates 24hr 37min closest to the earth polar ice cap 2 moons - phobas + penas
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| Terrestrial | Inner planets - closest to the sun Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Rocky, solid dense, close together,solid material containing crust + atmosphere
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| Jovian | outer planets - jupiter, saturn, neptune, uranus - gas planets hydrogen + helium, ring systems faint and visable
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| Main Asteroid Belt | rock remenants, orbit between Mars _ Jupiter Millions of Asteroids, irregular shape craters, gravitational pull from jupiter + mars knock astroids out of orbit
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| Uranus | ice giant, hydrogen + hellium, methane, water - density is greater than water axis is titled 98 degrees rotates instead of spin clockwise 21 moons faint rings
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| Venus | resembles earth, in size density and distance from the sun. dense carbon dioxide greenhouse effect 243 earth days 225 days to orbit clockwise, evidence of volcanic activity
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| Pluto | dwarf planet
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| Neptune | ice giant, hydrogen + hellium, methane, ammonia, emit 2.5 more heat than receives, strong wind, 13 moons, 6 ring systems, titan largest moon, plor geyers + liquid nitrogen
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| Jupiter | liquid nitrogen, highest mass + volume, solid core-iron + nickle, low density, hydrogen, helium, methane, ammonia rotates quickly 10hrs, many moons faint rings IO, Eripa, Ganye, Cosllsc= four largest moons
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| Saturn | hydrogen + helium, lowest density, most visable rings - ice rock rotates in 10.2hrs, polar flattening, strong magnetic field, 24 moons- Titan Largest emit twice as much heat
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| Layers of the earth | crust, mantel, core
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| crust | continental and oceanic
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| continental crust | less dense granite rock 10-70cm
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| oceanic crust | thick dense balsamic rock
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| Mantle | most of earth mass + volume, rich is silicon and oxygen, denser than crust
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| Core | iron + nickle densest,transformation of gravity potential energy + heat, space debris collisions, extremely hot 7200 degrees
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| Mantle | lithosphere = rigid - upper
Asthenosphere = plastic lower upper
pressure + radioactive decay, warmer than crust
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| The air in your house is a homogeneous or a heterogeneous mixture. | homogeneous because it is mixed very well.
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| Earth's layer with the most plastic like behavior is | Mantle
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| Continental Drift Hypothesis | Alfred Wegener - continents in motion, drifting apart into different configurations, continents were joined together - pangaena (universal land)
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| Alfred Wegener | used evidence to support his hypothesis: jigsaw fit, fossil, matching rock types, structual similarities, paleaclimatic,
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| Alfred Wegener | could not explain how continents move - theory was dismissed
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| Plate Tectonics | unifying theory that explains changing of the earths surface
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| Plates1 | section of the earth, strong, rigid outer layer - Lithosphere divided into eight major pieces
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| Plates2 | consist of uppermost mantle and overlying crust - overlies the plastic asthenosphere
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| Plates3 | move continents because they are embedded in the plates
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| Plates4 | lethospheric plates ride atop the plastic asthenosphere
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| Plates5 | interaction between plates occur along plate boundaries
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| Plates6 | creation and destruction of lethosphere occurs along plate boundaries
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| Plates7 | volcanoes and mountains occur along plate boundaries and sometime along former boundaries
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| Three types of plate boundaries | divergent, convergent, transform
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| Divergent | plates moves away from one another
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| Convergent | plates move toward each other = lithosphere destroyed
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| Transform | plates slide pass one another = lithosphere is neither created or destroyed
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| What forces drive the plates | Earths interior - contains lots of heat energy, energy moves from warmer region to cooler regions
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| What forces drive the plates2 | heat transfer by convection plate motion
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| What forces drive the plates3 | driving force is convection currents within athenosphere
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| Ridge | plates may slide down and outward from elevated oceanic ridges
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| Slab | gravity pulls the older, more dense plate into the earth at an oceanic trench
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| Divergent Plates Features | As plates move apart magma rises to surface forming lava = new lithosphere
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| Divergent Plates Features2 | In the ocean seafloor spreading mid ocean ridges (mid atlantic ridge)
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| Divergent Plates Features3 | on land continents tear apart - rift valleys (East Africa rift zone)
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| Convergent boundary features | oceanic convergence = when tow plates converge older and dense plates descend beneath the other
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| Convergent boundary features2 | oceanic continental convergence = denser oceanic slab sinks into asthenosphere
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| Continetal convergence | continual subduction can bring two continents together
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| Continental convergence2 | less dense bouyant continental lithosphere does not subduct - this process produces mountains
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| Transform fault boundary features | plates slide pass each other, no converging or diverging
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| Transform fault boundary feature2 | most transform faults join tow segments of a mid-ocean ridge
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| Transform fault boundary feature3 | a few cut through continental crust
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| Convection cells | local winds, surfaces are not heated equally, (land heats and cools more rapidly than water)
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| Convection cells2 | unequal heating pressure differences - wind, local winds and convection currents = air mixed on a small cell
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| Convection cells prevailing winds | long range horizontal mixing = prevailing winds
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| Convection cells prevailing winds2 | convection cells describe air movement, hot air rises - less dense, cool air sinks - more dense
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| Convection cells prevailing winds3 | connected by this horizontal motion called wind
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| Weathering | disintegration or decomposition of rock by water, wind, ice and chemicals
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| Two types of weathering | Mechanical and Chemical
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| Mechanical weathering | physical breakdown of rocks, pushes sections of rock apart = water, bilogical agents trees, wind
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| Chemical Weathering | compounds in rock decompose into more stable substances - main producer of sediments
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| Erosion | weathered particles are removed from rocks and transported by streams, glaciers, wind or mobile agents - rock normally angular and jagged, particles size decrease
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| Erosion Agents | gravity, surface water, ground water, wind, glaciers
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| Erosion Agents Gravity | down slope movement of earth's materials i.e. landslide, sail creep
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| Erosion Agents Surface water | fast moving transport rock, slow moving deposit rock
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| Erosion Agents Ground water | dissolves and transports soluble rocks underground surface depression
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| Erosion Agents Winds | intermittently transport sediment sand blasting effect
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| Erosion Agents Glaciers | as it moves loosens and lifts up blocks of rock and carries to distant locations
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| Six Weather Elements | atmosphere pressure, temperature, wind, precipitation, cloudiness, humidity
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| Structure of Earth's Atmosphere | Exoxphere, Inosphere, Thermospher, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, Troshere
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| Trosphere | lowest, thinist layer 90% of the atmospheres mass, weather occurs, temperture decreases with altitude 6degrees per kilometer top average -50degrees
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| Stratosphere | top of troposhere, 50km above surface, ozone layer, harmful uv radiation -50 at base to 0 degrees at top
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| Mesosphere | extends fro statospher to alt of 80 km, temp. decrease with altitude, gases, absorbs little uv, 0deg at base to -90 at top
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| Thermosphere | No well defined upper limit temp. increases with altitude, very low density of gas, little heat absorption
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| Inonosphere | not a true layer, electrified region, Aurors fiery display of light near earths magnetic poles
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| Exosphere | the interface between earth and space beyond 500km, atoms and molecules can escape to space
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| Eat In The Morning Sounds True | Exosphere, Inonosphere, Thermosphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, Troposphere
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| Composition of the Atmosphere | Mostly abundant gases Nitrogen 70% and Oxygen 21%
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| Ciculation of the Atmosphere | High to Low
Warm air - less dense - rise
Cool air - More dense - sinks
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| Coriolis Effect | Earths rotatation greatly affects the path of moving air. Moving such air deflect
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| Coriolis Effect2 | Northern Hemisphere - Right
Southern Hemisphere - Left
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| Coriolis Effect3 | apparent deflection of the wind - faster the wind, greater deflection, Latitudes influences the degree of deflection. Greatest at the the poles, zero at the equator
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| Humidity | the mass of water vapor a given volume of air contains
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| Humdidity2 | Relative humidity is ratio:
Water Vapor Content/Water Vapor Capacity X 100
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| Air Mass | volume of air that has a characteristic temperature and humidity through out
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| Changing Weather: Air Mass | tends to remain intact as it travels, acquires temperature and moisture characteristics of its source region
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| Changing Weather: Fronts | Less dense, warmer air mass flows upward over more dense cooler air. Frontal lifting - associated with rapid changes in weather
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| Cyclones | winds that rotate of low pressue, due to coriolis winds, move counter clock wise in the northern hemisphere
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| Cyclones2 | moves clockwise in the southern hemisphere, air converges in the center (lowest pressure) force to rise upward
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| Anticyclones | an area of high pressure wind flows,due to coriolis, winds move clockwise int he northern hemisphere
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| Anticyclones2 | wind moves clockwise in the southern hemisphere, air diverges and is forced downward and outward
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| Storms | violent and rapid changes in the weather
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| Three types of severe storms | Thunderstorms, Hurricanes, Tornadoes
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| Thunderstorms | humid air rises, cools, and condenses into a single cumulus cloud
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| Thundercloud | thunderstorm fed by unstable moist air
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| Thunderstorms2 | contains large amounts of energy
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| Tornadoes | Rotating column of aire that moves around a low pressure core. Reaches from a thunder cloud to the ground
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| Funnel | similar to a tornado but does not reach the ground
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| Hurricanes | rising warm air, creates low pressure winds, energy latent heat released from condensing water vapor
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| Green House effect | warming of the atmosphere as terrestrial radiation is trapped by green house gases
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| Green House effect2 | Humans impact an increase by burning fossil fuels, deforestation
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| Seismometer | used to measure magnitude of an earthquake on the richter scale
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| GPS | location,study direction of tectonic plate movement, change to the earth due to land subsidence 3 major components: Satellites (24), Ground stations (5), and GPS units - receives
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| Infrared Imaging | thermal imaging, used to study the earth and yeilds,planet, cameras detect heat radiation night vision global maps ocean surface temp, weather patterns elnino
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| Satellite Remote Sensing | geographic location from a distance, area, meap large remote areas, study rocks, vegetation, city planning geographic info systems
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| Doppler Radar | meterioligist use doppler rader to detech and predict precipitation, storm movements. local news, loses its ablility to detect precipatation with increased distance
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| Ecology | how organisms interact w/their environment or ecosystem
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| Abiotic | non living
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| Biotic | Living
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| Levels | Individual, population, community, ecosystem
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| Population | group of individuals of a single species occupying a given area
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| Community | interactions among different species
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| Ecosystem | all organisms & their abiotic & biotic
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| Species Interactions | competition, symbiosis
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| Competition | species compete with their niches job/role over lap in the ecosystem,
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| Symbiosis | species may live in close association with one another. A symbiotic relationship may involve parasitism, commenalism, mutualism
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| Niche | abiotic and biotic resources competition occurs when species compete for limited resources
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| Parasitism | +, -- (the worm in a human)
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| Commensalism | +,O ( ramora hitching a ride on a shark)
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| Mutualism | +,+ (bird and cattle eating insects)
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| Kinds of Ecosystems | Terrestrial (8) and Aquatic
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| Terrestrial | Tropical forest, temperature, coniferous, tundra, savannas, temperate grassland, chaparral, deserts
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| Aquatic | Fresh water, saltwater, estuaries - fresh and salt water meet river or the ocean
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| Primary succession | colonization of bare land devoid of soil, new land is formed by volcanic activity or glacier retreat reveals bare rock, pioneer species must survive with few nutrients, little organic matter, direct sunlight,no cover, succeeded by grass shrubs & trees
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| Ecological succession | culminates in a climax community
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| Producers | plants, (autotrophs)self feeders- make their own food
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| Consumers | Rabbit, Coyote (heteratrophs)acquire food from eating something else
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| Pedators & Prey | Herbivours, carnivours, ominveres, decomposers - soil bacteria, breaking down organic materials
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| Energy Leaks where trophic levels meet | moving enegry from one trophic level to another involves a long series of chemical reactions, energy loss to the enviornment
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| 2ND Law of Thermodynamics | cellular respiration (glucose + oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water, with some energy in the process being lost to the environment as heat
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| Biogeochemical cycles | substances on earth travel through a continuous cycle from living organisms to the abiotic environment and back. Three cycles: water, carbon and nitrogen
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| The Earliest living organisms were | ocean prokaryotes, Heterotrophs - obtaining energy and food from outside sources, living in an anaerobic environment and producing energy via anaerobic processes
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| Autotrophs | organisms that convert inorganic materials into food
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| Chemoautotrophs | Make food using chemical energy i.e. archea, and hydrogen sulfide
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| Adaptions | traits that make an organism better suited to surviving, thriving and reproducing in its environment
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| Sexual selection | attract mates
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| Fitness | reproductive success
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| Animals Thermoregulate | surface to volume ratio - heat balance, animals found in cold habitats - larger, limbs/ears are longer in hot habitats
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| Carl Von Linne (Carol Linneaus) | developed a system for classification emphasized the shared similarities of organisms, father of taxonomy, gave us binoinal non menclature
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| Heirarchical Levels: Dear King Phillip came over for good soup | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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| Cladistics | more exact allows predictions, helps biologist study the evolution of specific features
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| Three domains of life | Bacteria, Archaee - The extremephiles, Eukarya - true nucleas (protist, plants, animals, fungi)
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| Bactria | prokaryotes, autotrophs, others are heterotrophs, vary in shape, decomposers - breakdown organic material make nitrogen available to living things (yogurt)
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| Archea | prokaryotes, extremeophiles, in hydrothermal vent habitats are chemoautotrophs make food from chemical energy
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| Domain Eukarya | 4 Kingdoms: protist, fungi, plants, animals
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| Protists | seaweed kelp algae diatoms, eglena, ambebas, plasmodiaum, paramiciian
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| Fungi | mold, yeast, athletes foot, ringworm,
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| Plants | moss, ferns, flowers
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| Animals | multicellular, heterautophis, phyla - jellyfish, camderian, porifera - sponges, echinderms- starfish sand dollars
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| Chemical Reactions | one or more new compound are formed as a result of the rearragement of atoms. Reactants ----Products
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| Law of mass conversation | no atoms are gained or lost during any reaction - must be balanced
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| Acid Base Reaction: transfer of proton | Acid - a chemical that denotes hydrogen ion, H+; Base - a chemical that accepts a hydrogen ion H
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| Oxidation Reduction Reactions | Oxidation - lost of a electron
Reduction - gain of an electron
Must occur together
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| Corrosion | the process where metal deteriorates through oxidation reduction reactions (rusty nail)
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| Combustion | an oxidation -reduction between a non metallic material such as wood, oxygen (campfire)
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| Reactions Rate | the speed with which products form from the reactants: concentration, temperature, catalyst
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| Exothermic Reactions | self substaining chemical reaction that results in the net production of energy reactants = product + energy (campfire)
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| Endothermic Reaction | continual input - a chemical reaction in which there is a net consumption of energy (photosynthesis)energy + reactants = products
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| Cellular Respiration | cells break down to produce energy (ATP). The process is aerobic (uses energy) Three steps: Glycolysis, Krub cycle, Electron export
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| Cells | the basic building blocks of life. Cells - Tissues - Organs - Systems
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| Characteristics of Living Things | Use energy, develop and grow, maintain themselves, can reproduce, part of evolving populations, composed of cells
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| Prokaryote | before nucleus-primitive (bacteria) single cell, dNA is found in a single circular chromosome, they usually have an outer cell wall
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| Eukaryote | true nucleus, evolved (plants & animals) cells have a nucleus and maybe single or multicelled, contain dna inside the nucleus, organelles are larger than prokayote cells
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
tyetha
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