Neuromotor Control of Speech and Movement (Lecture 4-CN only)
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| Controls tongue movement by innervating all ipsilateral intrinsic (sup. longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse and verticalis) and most extrinsic (genioglossus, styloglossus, and hyoglossus) tongue muscles (palatoglossus is controlled by CN X) | Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
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| Provides motor to muscles of the tongue | Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
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| Damage results in paralysis of half of the tongue | Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
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| Innervates all intrinsic and some extrinsic muscles of the tongue | Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
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| Motor only | Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
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| Dysfunctions affect the ability to control head movements | Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
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| Contribute to tilt, forward and backward extension and lateral rotation of head | Spinal portion of Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
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| Provides motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles | Spinal portion of Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
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| Arises from the first 5 or 6 segments of the spinal cord | Spinal portion of Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
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| Arises from nucleus ambiguous and mingles with vagus nerve | Cranial portion of Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
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| Injury causes restricted neck movement and weakness of the shoulder | Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
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| Contribute to innervations of neck and shoulder muscles | Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
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| Innervates muscles for controlling head movement | Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
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| Motor only | Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
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| Disorders lead to paralysis of the vocal folds affecting voice quality but may also lead to choking and aspiration | Recurrent laryngeal nerve of Vagus (CV X)
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| Injury causes paralysis of the pharynx and the soft palate, leading to swallowing difficulty | Pharyngeal branch of Vagus Nerve (CV X)
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| A unilateral lesion of the nerve fibers and/or nucleus ambiguous is likely to | Result in ipsilateral paresis or paralysis of the soft palate, pharynx and larynx
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| Motor and sensory to all intrinsic musculature of the larynx and epiglottis | Recurrent laryngeal nerve of Vagus (CN X)
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| Most crucial branch for speech and swallowing | Recurrent laryngeal nerve of Vagus (CN X)
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| Provides motor to cricothyroid muscle | External branch of Superior laryngeal of Vagus nerve (CN X)
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| Transmits info from muscle spindles from laryngeal musculature | Internal Branch of Superior laryngeal of Vagus nerve (CN X)
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| Sensation from mucous membrane lining down to the level of the vocal folds, epiglottis base of the tongue, aryepiglottic folds | Internal Branch of Superior laryngeal of Vagus nerve (CN X)
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| Joins with CN IX and the external branch of superior laryngeal nerve to for the pharyngeal plexus | Pharyngeal branch of Vagus nerve (CN X)
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| Provides motor to superior, middle and inferior constrictor muscles of the pharynx, palatoglossus and levator palate of the soft palate (levator veli palatine is CN V) | Pharyngeal branch of Vagus nerve (CN X)
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| Provides motor to the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate | Pharyngeal branch of Vagus nerve (CN X)
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| Many branches; 3 branches important for speech arise from the posterior 2/3 of nucleus ambiguous | Vagus nerve (CN X)
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| Mixed nerve that is crucially important for speech and swallowing | Vagus nerve (CN X)
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| Damage results in decreased sensation from and activation of visceral organs and paralysis of the larynx and pharynx | Vagus nerve (CN X)
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| Motor component activates the muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and soft palate | Vagus nerve (CN X)
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| Provides motor to Dilate the pharynx to permit the passage of a large food bolus- facilitate swallowing | Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
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| Poor control of the parotid gland leads to excessive oral secretion; particularly after bilateral damage | Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
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| Loss of the gag reflex results from damage to | Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
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| Loss of general and taste sensation from the ipsilateral posterior 1/3 of the tongue results from | Damage to Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
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| A discrete lesion results in partial paresis of the unilateral stylopharyngeal muscle, impairing ipsilateral pharyngeal elevation in deglutition | Damage to Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
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| Provides motor to Elevate the pharynx | Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
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| Provides motor to Elevate the larynx | Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
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| Provides motor to Innervate the stylopharyngeus | Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
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| Provides motor to Nucleus ambiguous | Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
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| Provides sensory to regulatessensation from oral mucosa, soft palate, palatal arches, posterior 1/3 tongue, Eustachian tube and middle ear cavity | Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
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| Provides sensory to mediate gag reflex | Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
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| Provides sensory to Nucleus solitarius; Special sensory: taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue | Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
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| Lesions may also result in loss of gag reflex | Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
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| Lesions lead to the loss of taste sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and mild dysphasia (swallowing disorder) are the result of | Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
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| Sensory function is to process the sensation of touch and taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and of the oral pharynx | Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
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| Motor function contributes to swallowing | Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
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| Paralysis of all the upper and lower muscles in the face; disastrous effects on articulation of labial and labiodentals | Results from complete destruction of the facial nucleus or a bilateral cortical lesion
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| Damage to Facial nerve (CV VII): An injury near the pons and surrounding area is likely to affect | all three functions of the facial nerve resulting in paralysis of the ipsilateral facial muscles, excessive secretion from the glands, and loss of taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
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| Provides motor to Muscles of facial expression | Facial nerve (CV VII)
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| salivatory and lacrimal glands | innervated by Facial nerve (CV VII)
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| Chorda tympani is a sensory branch of the facial nerve that | transmits taste from chemoreceptors on anterior 2/3 of tongue
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| facial paralysis and loss of taste sensation is a result of | A facial nerve lesion
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| the sense of taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue are served by | Facial nerve (CN VII)
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| all muscles of facial expression are controlled by | Facial nerve (CN VII)
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| Facial nerve (CN VII) is | primarily a motor nerve, but also has some sensory functions
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| devastating effects on swallowing and speech | results from Bilateral Damage to Trigeminal (CN V)
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| Paralysis of all the upper and lower muscles in the face; disastrous effects on articulation of labial and labiodentals | Results from complete destruction of the facial nucleus or a bilateral cortical lesionlysis of all the upper and lower muscles in the face; disastrous effects on articulation of labial and labiodentals
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| Damage to Facial nerve (CV VII): An injury near the pons and surrounding area is likely to affect | all three functions of the facial nerve resulting in paralysis of the ipsilateral facial muscles, excessive secretion from the glands, and loss of taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
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| ipsilateral paralysis or paresis, jaw deviation toward side of injury | results from Unilateral Damage to Trigeminal (CN V)
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| excruciating pain in the face; usually affecting the opthalamic and mandibular branches | Trigeminal Neuralgia
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| ipsilateral loss of sensation in the areas of distribution and loss of sneezing and blinking reflexes | result of damage to any branch of Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
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| Provides motor to Tensor tympani | Trigeminal (CN V)
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| Provides motor to Tensor veli palatini (velum closure) | Trigeminal (CN V)
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| Provides motor to Anterior belly of the digastric | Trigeminal (CN V)
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| Provides motor to Mylohyoid | Trigeminal (CN V)
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| Provides motor to Masseter- elevates, closes, and slightly protrudes mandible | Trigeminal (CN V)
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| Provides motor to Temporalis- elevates and retracts mandible | Trigeminal (CN V)
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| Provides motor to Lateral/external pterygoid- depresses and protrudes mandible toward opposite side; regulates side to side movement | Trigeminal (CN V)
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| Provides motor to Medial/internal pterygoid- elevates and assist in mandible protrusion | Trigeminal (CN V)
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| Sensory function Mandibular branch (largest branch) of Trigeminal nerve (CN V) mediates sensastions from | skin on sides of scalp, mucosal membrane of the lower gum, the mouth, and meninges of anterior and middle cranial fossae; anterior 1/2 of pinna, external auditory meatus, external surface of tympanic membrane, and the mucosa of anterior 2/3 of tongue
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| Three branches of Trigeminal nerve (CN V) are | opthalamic, maxillary, and mandibular
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| General Somatic Function of Trigeminal nerve (CN V) | pain and sensation from the face, anterior scalp, anterior 2/3 tongue, mucosal membranes of nose and mouth, teeth, and portions of dura mater
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| facial sensory loss and paralysis of the jaw is associated with | Loss of trigeminal function
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| Overall FUNCTION of Trigeminal nerve (CN V) | pain and touch sensation of the face and anterior 2/3rds of tongue; motor to muscles of mastication
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| Trigeminal nerve (CN V) is | a functionally mixed nerve with both sensory and motor function
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