Prehistory
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| Prehistory | the era before the invention of writing. Dating of the prehistoric era varies.
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| Writing | a technology for storing, manipulating and communicating data. It was invented independently in three places.
3100 BC - Sumer Near East, Iraq
1500 BC - China
300-500 BC - Mesomerica
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| Linguistic anthropology | human language
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| Physical or biological anthropology | bio: human genetics
phy: fossil record of humans
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| Archaeology | study of ancient things that are the by products of human activities
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| Culture | Shared ideas held by members of a society or social group
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| Material culture | Physical manifestations of culture in the form of artifacts, features, and sites.
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| Artifact | Any object or material made or used by a human being in the past
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| Ecofact | Remains of plants or animals that result from human activities but were not intentionally modified.
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| Feature | An artifact that cannot be moved such as a house foundation, pyramid, or a hearth.
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| Site | Accumulations of artifacts, features, ecofacts, and/or human skeletal remains that represent places where people lived, died, or carried out certain activities in the past.
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| Fossil | Petrified remains of a once living organism (earliest human ancestors)
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| Midden | Deposit of prehistoric garbage (contains eco-facts, where people live)
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| Human skeletal remains | Remains of humans or human ancestors resulting from either accidental or intentional burial or some other preservation activity (mummy)
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| Association | The proximity of an archaeological artifact or feature to other artifacts or features in the same matrix (the soil around an artifact)
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| Context | the relationship between an artifact and its setting
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| Stratigraphy | layering of soil or rock deposits
"strata, stratum"
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| Law of superposition | the deepest levels are the oldest
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| Paleolithic | era of stone tools
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| Neolithic | new stone age
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| Cenozoic | ERA: 65 MYA - present
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| Quaternary | PEROID: 2 MYA - present
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| Miocene | 25 - 5.5 MYA
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| Pliocene | 5.5 - 2.0 MYA
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| Pleistocene | 2.0 MYA - 12,000 YA
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| Holocene | 12,000 YA - present
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| Dendrochronology | tree ring dating
1 ring = 1 yr
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| Natural selection | most well adapted to prevailing conditions will pass on their superior characteristics to succeeding generations with more frequency
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| Colonization | Africa -> Asia -> Europe/Australia -> New World (North America)
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| Adaption | adjusting to new environmental circumstances to accomplish basic survival.
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| Social complexity | labor specification
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| Bipedalism | (walking upright)
a. Advantages
i. Long distance walking
ii. Frees hands
iii. Can view surroundings
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| Basal Paleolithic | dating 2.5—1.8 mya based on finds from Kada Gona (Gona River)
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| Lower Paleolithic | is defined by Acheulian hand axes and non-handaxe (choppers)– the tools associated with Homo erectus begin at 1.8 million and continue
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| Middle Paleolithic | technologies, dating 200,000 – 35,000 YA
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| Levallois | is a technique that involves heavy preparation of the core—in order get a particular shape of flake that was a ready-made tool. Only one flake would be obtained from each prepared core.
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| Mousterian | Mousterian tools that have been found in Europe were made by Neanderthals and date from between 300,000 BP and 30,000 BP (Middle Paleolithic) FLINT
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| Upper Paleolithic | 35,000-12,000 YA
i Extensive use of stone blades—which are flakes that are at least twice as long as they are wide.
ii Manufacture of objects from a wider variety of raw materials including bone, ivory, and wood.
iii Greater specialization and standar
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| Pleistocene climate | glaciation:
a Glacial coverage
b Sea levels lower than present
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| Last glacial maximum (LGM) | 20,000 years ago
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| Diluvium | flood-like deposits
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| Great Rift Valley | Ethiopia
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| Palynology (Pollen analysis) | study of fossil pollen to infer past vegetation and climate.
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| Megafauna | Giant or large animals
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