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Prehistory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prehistory | the era before the invention of writing. Dating of the prehistoric era varies. |
| Writing | a technology for storing, manipulating and communicating data. It was invented independently in three places. 3100 BC - Sumer Near East, Iraq 1500 BC - China 300-500 BC - Mesomerica |
| Linguistic anthropology | human language |
| Physical or biological anthropology | bio: human genetics phy: fossil record of humans |
| Archaeology | study of ancient things that are the by products of human activities |
| Culture | Shared ideas held by members of a society or social group |
| Material culture | Physical manifestations of culture in the form of artifacts, features, and sites. |
| Artifact | Any object or material made or used by a human being in the past |
| Ecofact | Remains of plants or animals that result from human activities but were not intentionally modified. |
| Feature | An artifact that cannot be moved such as a house foundation, pyramid, or a hearth. |
| Site | Accumulations of artifacts, features, ecofacts, and/or human skeletal remains that represent places where people lived, died, or carried out certain activities in the past. |
| Fossil | Petrified remains of a once living organism (earliest human ancestors) |
| Midden | Deposit of prehistoric garbage (contains eco-facts, where people live) |
| Human skeletal remains | Remains of humans or human ancestors resulting from either accidental or intentional burial or some other preservation activity (mummy) |
| Association | The proximity of an archaeological artifact or feature to other artifacts or features in the same matrix (the soil around an artifact) |
| Context | the relationship between an artifact and its setting |
| Stratigraphy | layering of soil or rock deposits "strata, stratum" |
| Law of superposition | the deepest levels are the oldest |
| Paleolithic | era of stone tools |
| Neolithic | new stone age |
| Cenozoic | ERA: 65 MYA - present |
| Quaternary | PEROID: 2 MYA - present |
| Miocene | 25 - 5.5 MYA |
| Pliocene | 5.5 - 2.0 MYA |
| Pleistocene | 2.0 MYA - 12,000 YA |
| Holocene | 12,000 YA - present |
| Dendrochronology | tree ring dating 1 ring = 1 yr |
| Natural selection | most well adapted to prevailing conditions will pass on their superior characteristics to succeeding generations with more frequency |
| Colonization | Africa -> Asia -> Europe/Australia -> New World (North America) |
| Adaption | adjusting to new environmental circumstances to accomplish basic survival. |
| Social complexity | labor specification |
| Bipedalism | (walking upright) a. Advantages i. Long distance walking ii. Frees hands iii. Can view surroundings |
| Basal Paleolithic | dating 2.5—1.8 mya based on finds from Kada Gona (Gona River) |
| Lower Paleolithic | is defined by Acheulian hand axes and non-handaxe (choppers)– the tools associated with Homo erectus begin at 1.8 million and continue |
| Middle Paleolithic | technologies, dating 200,000 – 35,000 YA |
| Levallois | is a technique that involves heavy preparation of the core—in order get a particular shape of flake that was a ready-made tool. Only one flake would be obtained from each prepared core. |
| Mousterian | Mousterian tools that have been found in Europe were made by Neanderthals and date from between 300,000 BP and 30,000 BP (Middle Paleolithic) FLINT |
| Upper Paleolithic | 35,000-12,000 YA i Extensive use of stone blades—which are flakes that are at least twice as long as they are wide. ii Manufacture of objects from a wider variety of raw materials including bone, ivory, and wood. iii Greater specialization and standar |
| Pleistocene climate | glaciation: a Glacial coverage b Sea levels lower than present |
| Last glacial maximum (LGM) | 20,000 years ago |
| Diluvium | flood-like deposits |
| Great Rift Valley | Ethiopia |
| Palynology (Pollen analysis) | study of fossil pollen to infer past vegetation and climate. |
| Megafauna | Giant or large animals |
Created by:
wolvess
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