All sorts of neurology questions and buzz words from Neuro block
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| Loss of consciousness, longer duration of 1 to 2 minutes and the presence of automatisms usually signifies what type of seizure? | Complex Partial Seizure
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| What is the most common form of epilepsy in children? | Partial Seizures
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| What type of seizure begins in both hemispheres? | Generalized Seizures
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| Petit Mal, brief lapses of consciousness, disruption in speech or motor is what type of seizure? | Absence Seizure
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| What type of seizure shows a long myotonic period where the child usually ends up falling or dropping due to loss of muscle tone? | Atonic Seizures
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| MOst common convulsive disorder of childhood. | Febrile Seizures
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| Grand Mal | Tonic-clonic Seizure
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| Fifth Day Fits | Benign Idiopathic Neonatal Seizures
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| Mental Retardation with mixed seizure disorder, most common in patients with infantile spasms. | Lennow-Gastaut Syndrome
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| Juvenile Myoclonic Seizure Triad | Generalized, Myotonic, Absence
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| First line treatment for Juvenile Myoclonic Seizures? | Valproic Acid
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| Fixed, midsize pupils of 4 - 5 mmm signifies a problem where in the brain? | Midbrain
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| Pinpoint pupils signifies a problem where in the brain? | Pontine/ Pons
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| Unilateral, fixed and dilated pupil signifies a problem where? | Is most likely compression of CN III.
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| Cheyne-Stokes Respiration Pattern (crescendo -> decrescendo) | Hemisphere dysfunction
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| Central Neurogenic Hyperventilation (sustained deep breaths) | midbrain to upper pons
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| Kussmaul (deep slow breaths) | diabetic ketoacidosis
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| Apnea is a sign of what kind of problem? | medulla
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| How to respond to an unconscious patient… | STONED: Sugar, Thiamine, O2, Narcan, Evaluate, Differential Dx
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| Asymmetry in a coma patient, think… | structural
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| Likely cause of intracerebral hemorrhage | hypertension
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| Caused by occlusion of smaller, penetrating arteries, presence of fibrinoid | Lacunar Infarctions
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| Most common cause of cardioembolic stroke | atrial fibrillation
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| Beading of vessels within the brain is characteristic of what condition? | CNS Vasculitis
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| A core of forever-lost brain cells surrounded by damaged brain cells that could still be repaired | Penumbra
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| A resting tremor is associated with what condition? | Parkinson’s Disease
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| An intention tremor is assoc. with a problem where? | cerebellum
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| Drugs that help relieve the tremor of Parkinson’s Disease | Anticholinergic
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| Main side-effect of anticholinergics that could make them countraindicated in the elderly population | memory loss
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| 3 anticholinergic drugs used for Parkinson’s | Trihexiphenidyl, Benztropine mesylate, Diphenhydramine
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| What 2 NT can increase GABA to Globus Pallidus? | Ach and Glutamate
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| DOPA is converted to Dopamine via… | DOPA-decarboxylase
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| 2 components that can prolong DOPA in the synapse | Mono-oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors & Cartechol-ortho methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors
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| MAO-B inhibitors for Parkinson’s | Selegeline and Rasagaline
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| COMT inhibitors for Parkinson’s | Entacapone and Tolcapone
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| NMDA receptor for what? | glutamate
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| What Parkison’s drug has a slight effect on NMDA receptors? | Amantadine ( weak NMDA antagonist)
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| An acquired persistent, confusional state | dementia
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| The clinical traid of confusion, gait disturbance and extra-ocular dysmotility point to which disease? | Wernicke’s Encephalopathy (usually assoc. with alcohol & thiamine deficiency)
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| Infarcts or hemorrhages within mamillary bodies of hypothalamus | Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
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| Extra-ocular dysfunction in Wernicke’s | Ophthalmoplegia
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| Water is white on this imaging and it is best for showing pathology | T2 Weighted MRI
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| Lacunar infarctions are due to what size vessels? | small vessels
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| Decreased glucose metabolism esp. in the posterior cerebrum on PET scan | Alzheimer’s Disease
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| On microscopic analysis, a patient is found to have neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques. What is the most likely cause of these findings? | Alzheimer’s Disease
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| What material are senile plaques made of? | Amyloid (Amyloid Beta proteins or fragments of APP)
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| Anticholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer’s Disease, they are … | Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine
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| NMDA receptors control what substance? | Calcium entry
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| Pick’s Bodies | Pick’s Disease
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| There is atrophy of what two lobes with Pick’s Diease? | Frontal and Temporal
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| A dementia with visual hallucinations | Dementia with Lewy Bodies
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| Lewy Bodies in cerebral cortex | Dementia with Lewy Bodies
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| Intention tremors are assoc. with which dementia? | Dementia with Lewy Bodies
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| A resting tremor is assoc. with which dementia? | Parkinson’s Disease
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| A CAG repeat on Chromosome 4, autosomal dominant | Huntington’s Disease
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| A fatal dementia involving rigidity, clumsiness and myclonic jerks | Creutz-feldt Jakob Disease (prion disease)
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| Positive 14-3-3 analysis of CSF | CJD (Creutz-feldt Jakob Disease)
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| Spongiform encephalopathy involving microscopic vacuoles | CJD
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| The clinical triad of gait disturbance (magnetic), urinary incontinence and cognitive disturbance are characteristic of what disease? | Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
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| Treatment of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus | shunt
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| Speaking a heard word pathway | Primary auditory area -> Wernicke’s Area -> Arcuate Fasciculus -> Broca’s Area -> Primary Motor Cortex
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| Speaking a written word pathway | Primary Visual Area -> Angular Gyrus -> Wernicke’s Area -> Broca’s Area -> Primary Motor Cortex
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| Left Hemisphere tasks | language and calculation
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| Right Hemisphere tasks | drawing
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| Huntington’s Chorea is a clinical triad of … | dominant inheritance, choreoathetosis, and dementia (usually results in death in 10 -> 20 years)
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| What structure is responsible for the coordination of movements during the action? | cerebellum
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| What structure/s are responsible for planning movements? | Basal Ganglia
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| A key sign of a cerebellar dysfunction | Dystonia (uncontrollable muscle contractions)
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| Cells in the ventral horn at the edge of gray matter that monitor UMN and LMN interaction | border cells
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| What is the function of the vermis? | To fine tune motor control of axial musculature
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| What is the function of the paravermis (intermediate hemisphere)? | lower extremity fine motor control
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| Portion of the cerebellum that control complex movement and is a part of the cerebrocerebellum tract | lateral hemisphere
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| Tract found in the floccularnodual lobe | vestibulocerebellum tract
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| The main afferent (input) pathway to the dentate nucleus to begin the trisynaptic circuit | Perforant Pathway
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| The main efferent (output) pathway (CA1 & subiculum -> mamillary bodies -> ANT -> subcallosal cortex -> assoc. area of neocortex | Fornix
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| Can’t make new memories | Anterograde Amnesia
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| Can’t recall past memories | Retrograde Amnesia
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| Removal of this organ results in an inability to transfer memory from short term to long term | Hippocampus
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| What type of memories is the hippocampus responsible for? | Explicit Memories
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| An event that after a presynaptic neuron is overactive, when the presynaptic neuron goes back to normal firing, the post synaptic neuron continues to fire at an increased rate | Lone Term Potentiation
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| LTP (Long Term Potentiation) is linked with what function? | Spatial Learning
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| This structure is responsible for emotional learning, fear, reward and implicit facial recognition | Amygdala
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| What part of the brain is responsible for fear triggered sympathetic discharge? | Lateral Hypothalamus
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| Amygdala to Parabrachial Nucleus | increased respiration
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| Amygdala to Cingulate gyrus and locus coreuleus | increased HR, NE, BP and fear
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| Amygdala to Periaquaductal Grey | defensive behavior
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| Hypoemotionality, loss of fear, psychic blindness, hypersexuality and hyperorality are symptoms of what? | Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (Bilateral temporolimbic lesions)
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| A direct receptor in the post-synaptic cell membrane is the… | Ionotropic Receptor
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| An indirect receptor in the post-synaptic cell membrane is the… | Metabotropic Receptor
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| What are the main 2 determinants of the degree of differential blockade of local anesthetics? | pKa and lipid solubility
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| A low pKa with local anesthetics shifts equilibrium to the ionized form and leads to…. | a slower/ delayed onset of action
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| Muscle spindle is sensitive to changes in? | length
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| Golgi Tendon Organ is sensitive ti changes in? | tension
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