1st Micro Exam
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| What are Koch's Postulates? | 1. Must be present in every case of the disease, but not in healthy individuals
2. Must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
3.The same disease must result when healthy individual is inoculated with organism
4. Must isolate from inoculated individua
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| Why can't we use all of Koch's postulates today? | Some organisms cannot be grown in a pure culture, inoculating a healthy human is unethical, may be replaced by genetic and molecular evidence, some individuals may be naturally immune to the disease
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| What produces an image in dark field microscopy? | Only the light refracted by the object.
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| What is dark field good for? | Internal structure in live, unstained cells
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| What does phase contrast do? | Changes differences in refractive indexes into variations of light intensity
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| What does differential interference contrast microscopy do? | Uses 2 beams of plane polarized light to form a colored, 3D image
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| Transmission EM | uses electrons that pass through an organism to form an image: shape and fine details of organelles
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| Scanning EM | Forms image from electrons released from organism’s surface: 3D detailed image
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| Confocal | Focuses light from all areas of the object, not just the plane of focus
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| Scanning Probe | Move a sharp probe over the electron cloud, apply a small voltage between the two, this current is sensitive to distance
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| What are the 3 parts of a lipopolysaccharide? | 1. Lipid A
2. Core polysaccharide
3. O side chain
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| Where is an LPS located? | Embedded in the outer membrane
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| What charge does LPS give to the cell surface, what does this do? | Negative, help attach to surfaces and form biofilm
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| What does LPS contribute to the cell? | Stability, permeability barrier, protection, can act as an endo toxin
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| What substance forms capsules and slime layers? | Glycocalyx
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| Diplococci | pairs
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| Streptococci | Chains
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| Staphylococci | grape-like clusters
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| Tetrads | 4 cocci in a square
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| Sarcinae | cubic configuration of 8 cocci
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| Cocci | spheres
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| Bacilli | Rods
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| Vibrios | comma shaped
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| Spirilla | rigid helices
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| Spirochetes | flexible helices
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| Mycelium | network of long, multinucleate filaments
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| Palisades | grid-like
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| Pleomorphic | Organisms that are variable in shape
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| Which 2 cell envelope components make up the cell wall? | Peptidoglycan and the outer membrane.
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| Fluid mosaic model | The idea that membranes are lipid bilayers in which proteins float
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| Amphipathic | contains both polar and non polar ends
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| Peripheral proteins | Loosely connected to the membrane, easily removed
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| Integral proteins | Not easily removed from membrane, insoluble in aqueous solutions
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| Hopanoids | Like steroids, help stabilize membrane
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| Protoplast | The plasma membrane and everything w/in it
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| Inclusion bodies | granules of organic and inorganic material suspended in the cytoplasm, used for storage and reducing pressure
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| Where are proteins synthesized | Ribosomes
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| Nucleoid | Irregularly shaped region containing the bacterial chromosome
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| Plasmid | small, double-stranded DNA molecules that exist independently of the chromosome
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| What is the Periplasmic space? | area between plasma membrane and cell wall
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| What two substances make up peptidoglycan? | N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid
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| Which type of bacteria has teichoic acids? | Gram (+)
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| Teichoic acids | Help give gram (+) cell wall its negative charge
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| Braun's lipoprotein | Links outer membrane to peptidoglycan
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| Sec-dependent | Secretion dependent, the main pathway for transporting proteins across the plasma membrane
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| What is it called when a cell has an outer layer that is clearly defined and not easily removed? | Capsule
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| Slime layer | Zone of diffuse, unorganized material that is easily washed off a cell
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| Fimbriae | Short, fine, hairlike appendages, thinner than flagella
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| Pili | 1-10 per cell, larger than fimbriae, required for conjugation (sex pili)
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| What are the parts of a flagella? | Flagellar filament, basal body, flagellar hook
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| Flagellar filament | Part of a flagella that extends from the edge of the cell surface to the tip
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| Basal body | Part of the flagella that is embedded in the cell
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| Flagellar hook | Links the filament to the basal body, acts as a flexible coupling
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| Describe flagellar motion | The flagella is shaped like a helix, which rotates the cell and moves it forward
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| Monotrichous | One flagellum
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| Polar flagellum | A flagellum located at one end of the cell
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| Amphitrichous | Flagellum at each pole
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| Lophotrichous | Cluster of flagella at one or both ends
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| Peritrichous | Flagella evenly spread all over
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| What is the purpose of an endospore | Survival under harsh environmental conditions
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| What is in the Periplasmic space? | Contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptake
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| Heterotroph | Organisms that use reduced, pre-formed organic molecules as their carbon source
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| Autotrophs | Organisms that use CO2 as their sole or principal source of carbon
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| Phototrophs | Use light as their E source
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| Chemotrophs | Obtain E from oxidation of chemical compounds, can be organic or inorganic
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| Cemoorganotrophs | Obtain E from oxidation of organic compounds
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| Chemolithotrophs | Obtain E from oxidation of inorganic compounds
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| How do bacteria obtain inorganic Fe? | Siderophores
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| What are some examples of growth factors? | Vitamins, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines
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| Synthetic media | All components and their quantities are known
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| Complex media | contains some components of unknown compositions
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| What are the types of media? | General purpose, enriched, selective, differential
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| Enriched media | Added growth factors
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| Passive diffusion | Molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lesser concentration
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| Facilitated diffusion | Involves "carrier molecules" to increase the rate of diffusion
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| Active transport | metabolic energy required to move substances against a concentration gradient
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| What are the two types of active transport? | Symport, anti-port
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| Symport | Active transport of two molecules in the same direction
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| Anti-port | Active transport of two substances in opposite directions
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| Group translocation | modifies molecules as they enter the cell
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| Permeases | Carrier proteins
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| ATP-binding cassette transporters | Active transport system, consists of 2 hydrophobic membrane-spanning domains with 2 ATP binding domains
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| Selective media | favors the growth of one particular organism
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| Differential media | distinguishes among different groups of microbes and permits tentative identification
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| Pure culture | Population of cells arising from a single cell
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| Spread plate | Spread a dilute solution containing the organism over a plate of media
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| Streak plate | What we do in lab, use a loop to streak a small amount over the plate to achieve isolated colonies
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| Pour plate | Original sample is diluted several times to obtain isolated organisms when poured into a plate
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| What are the basic structures of a monosaccharide? | One carbon ring with hydrogens and oxygens bonded to it
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| How do bacteria use carbohydrates? | As glycoproteins, which are receptors for the cell, they also form glycocalxy, which produces capsules and slime layers, also used in respiration
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| How do microorganisms use lipids? | They use them for structure and as an energy source because of the high energy bonds present
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| How do microorganisms use cholesterol? | Provides structure and support
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| How do microorganisms use phospholipids? | Provide structure and protection, make up the cell membrane
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| What are the 3 parts of an amino acid? | An amine (-NH2), carboxyl groups (-COOH) and and R group
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| How many amino acids are needed to make a protein? | At least 30
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| Acid fast bacteria | Resistant to simple acids, also hard to break down with anti-microbials
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| What form of cell division do bacteria use? | Binary fission
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| What defines microbial growth? | Increase in cellular constituents, increase in organisms size, population size or all 3
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| Why is the initial phase of growth called the "lag phase"? | Because there is no immediate increase in population size because the cell is synthesizing new components needed for growth
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| What are the stages of cell growth in order? | Lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, death phase
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| At what salt concentration do Halophiles grow? | >0.2M
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| Which extremophiles grow at salt concentrations of 2M - 6.2M? | Extreme halophiles
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| What are the 3 ways to classify bacteria with respect to pH? | Acidophiles, neutrophiles, alkaliphiles
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| At what pH range do acidophiles thrive? | 0-5.5
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| At what pH range do neutrophiles thrive? | 5.5-7
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| At what pH range do alkaliphiles thrive? | 8.5-11.5
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| What are the 5 ways of classifying bacteria with respect to temperature? | Psychrophile, psychrotroph, mesophile, thermophile, hyperthermophile
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| Fluorescence Microscopy | Exposes organisms to ultraviolet, violet, or blue light then forms an image from the resulting fluorescence
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