Oral Path 3
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| What is the immune reaction designed to do? | To help the healthy body resist and defend against certain injurious agents.
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| How is the immune reaction different than the inflammatory response? | It has the capacity to remember and responds more quickly to a foreign substance that enters the body a second time.
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| What are antigens? | Foreign substances against which the immune system defends the body. (mainly proteins and are often MO's and their toxins)
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| What are antibodies? | Protein molecules that a person's immune system produces in response to antigens.
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| What are the 4 types of diseases? | 1. immune deficiency disorders 2. hypersensitivity disorders 3. autoimmune disorders 4. immune cellular proliferative disorders
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| What is the Normal Immune System Function? | -To destroy and isolate antigen-bearing injurious agents. -To learn to recognize "self" during development and does not attack own body cells -Protection is provided by two systems: cell-medicated immunity and antibody mediated (humoral) immunity
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| What are the primary white blood cells involved in the immune response and where are they derived from? | Lymphocytes from stem cells in the bone marrow
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| What are the two distinct classes of lymphocytes? | T cells (T lymphocytes) and B cells (B lymphocytes)
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| Lymphocytes are memory cells, what does that mean? | They will develop a memory for the specific antigen and will react or attack when the antigen or injurious agent reappears
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| Where do B lymphocytes reside? | In the lymph nodes
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| What are the functions of B lymphocytes? | -Travel to the site of injury -Memory cells -Differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies
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| What are the 2 types of cells that B lymphocytes turn into and what do they do? | 1. Plasma cells produce antibodies specifically directed agains the antigen 2. Memory cells retain the memory of previously encountered antigens
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| What do antibodies do? | -They circulate in the blood and percolate through tissues until they encounter the specific antigen. -They will then bind themselves to that antigen and this complex may be opsonized, agglutinated, or precipitated for inflammatory phagocytosis.
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| When the antigen-antibody complex has been opsonized, agglutinated, or precipitated for inflammatory phagocytosis, what can it lead to? | Chemotaxis of neutrophils and enhance the vascular inflammatory reaction
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| Where to T lymphocytes process and mature? | In the thymus gland
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| Where do T lymphocytes reside? | In the lymphoid nodules
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| What do T lymphocytes do? | Develop memory for a single specific foreign antigen associated with an injurious agent
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| T lymphocytes are passed down through generations to what? | Numerous T-cell progeny
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| What do T lymphocytes do when they encounter an enemy? | They react by sending messages to other cells, including T cells, B cells, and macrophages
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| What do T-Helper cells do? | They increase the functioning of the B lymphocytes and enhance the antibody response
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| What do T-Suppressor cells do? | Suppress the functioning of the B lymphocytes and T-killer cells that are active
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| What are the chemical messages sent by T lymphocytes called and what do they do? | Lymphokines or cytokines: they instruct the other cells to disable the antigenic agent
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| What might T lymphocytes do? | Inhibit the migration of neutrophils and stimulate the activity of fibroblasts to enhance repair
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| What are the functions of macrophages? (a type of T lymphocyte) | -They are involved in the immune response -They are active in the phagocytosis of foreign substance and help the B and T cells -Process and present the antigen to the lymphocytes -Serve as a link between inflammatory and immune responses
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| Antigen-processing cells, such as macrophages, do what? | Change or process the antigen until it is recognizable to the lymphocytes
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| T-cells serve as what? | The "team leader"
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| How do other lymphokines (chemical messages) have effects on macrophages? | -Initiation of macrophage chemotaxis -Activation of phagocytosis -Aggregation (grouping together) at the area of the injury
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| What are the 2 functions of T lymphocytes? | 1. Directly destroy the antigenic agent 2. Send messages back to T cells
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| When do Immune Deficiency diseases occur? | When the immune system does not form or mature completely or when the lymphocytes or antigen-processing cells are suppressed or destroyed by exogenous factors
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| What do we need to remember about transplantation? | -All cells bear surface antigens -Immune system is programmed to recognize these antigens as self -Lymphocytes and macrophages will begin the immune process and reject transplanted tissues -Immune suppressive drugs are used for transplant patients
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| What are the 5 classes of Gamma Globulins? | IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE
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| What do IgG gamma globulins do? | They have 2 binding sites, they are the only antibody to cross the placenta and are the only defense and infant has
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| What do IgM gamma globulins do? | Primary response, agglutination has 10 binding sites (wagon wheel)
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| What do IgA gamma globulins do? | Main immunoglobin is in secretions, prevents attachment of antigen to mucous membranes-has J chain and secretory component
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| What do IgD gamma globulins do? | Has no known antibody function at this time
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| What do IgE gamma globulins do? | Mediates anaphylactic hypersensitivity
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| What is immunity? | Increased responsiveness that results from the retained memory of an already incountered antigen
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| Active Immunity | Can be natural or acquired (own body has produced its own antibodies through activation of the immune system as a result of antigenic stimulation)
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| Natural Active Immunity | When a disease is caused by an MO and protection against further attack by that MO is conferred to the individual if the body recovers from the disease
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| What else should we know about Natural Active Immunity? | No memory, non-specific, not acquired from previous antigen exposures, born with it, does NOT improve after exposure (birth and breastfeeding)
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| Acquired Active Immunity | Injected with pathogenic MO's- vaccination, occurs after exposures, improves with repeated exposures, mediated by antibodies and T cells, long term memory, can be passive or active
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| Immunization | Production of acquired immunity- lowers the risk of an antigen causing disease because it safely prepares the immune system to fight future attacks by the disease-causing MO
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| Passive Immunity | Using antibodies produced by another person to protect an individual against infectious disease- acquired or natural- protection achieved by the introduction of preformed antibody or immune cells to a nonimmune host
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| How can we get Passive Immunity? | From mother through placenta, puncture wound with needle in dental office
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| Hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases are examples of what? | Damage caused by the immunte response
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| Ideal Vaccine | -Contains enough antigen to protect against infection -Contains antigens of all strains of pathogen -Few or no side effects -Does not CAUSE the disease
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| What is a Hypersensivity Disease and what are the 4 types? | -Immune system overreacts to an antigen- can be B or T cells -Causes necrosis and dysfunction of tissue by these mechanisms -Anaphylaxis allergy, Cytolytic effect, Immune complex disease, Delayed hypersensitivy
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| Anaphylaxis Allergy | 1. Reacts to harmless antigens by making antibodies 2. Attach to mast cells which release histamine 3. Can be life threatening: unable to breathe 4. Histamine and leukotrienes are activated and severe acute inflam. response causes clin signs & symptoms
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| Cytolytic Effect | 1. Normal cells appear antigenic to the immune system and are regarded as forein B cells 2. Antibodies coat these normal cells, resulting in cell lysis from either complement fixation or lymphocyte cytotoxicity
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| Immune Complex Disease | 1. Relatively harmless antigens form complexes with antibodies 2. Entrapped in blood vessel walls where complement is activated 3. Stimulate vascular & cellular stages of ACUTE INFLAMMATION and damages tissues 4. Settles in the glomuerli of the kidney
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| Delayed Hypersensitivity | 1. Relatively harmless antigen stimulates a T lymphocyte sensitivity 2. Normal tissue damaged by immunte response
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| Hypersensitivity to Drugs | 1. Drug acts as antigen and causes an immunological induced inflammatory response 2. Can be fatal (systemic)
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| Autoimmune Disease | Immune cells either become confused and attack normal cells or normal cells are altered antigenically and are no longer respected as self by the immune system
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| Healing by Primary Intention | surgical incision, clean edges joined with sutures
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| Healing by Secondary Intention | Loss of tissue so edges of the injury cannot be joined during healing, large clot, increased scar tissue
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| Healing by Tertiary Intention | Infection occurs at the site of surgical incision that is healing by primary intention, healing by secondary intention may ensue
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| What makes up the liquid part of the blood? | Plasma
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| What makes up the solid part of the blood? | cells and platelets
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| What does plasma contain? | 90% water, proteins, antibodies, dissolved salts
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| Where are RBC's produced? | Red bone marrow
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| Which is the most numerous blood cell? | RBC's
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| Which blood cell has no nucleus? | RBC's
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| What are the functions of WBC's? | Protect the body from invasion
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| What are the platelets needed for? | Clotting
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| What are the 4 blood types? | A, B, AB, O
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| What are the functions of the blood? | Conveyance medium, maintain H2O balance in the body, defense, regulates body temp, involved with lymphatic fluid flow
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| What are the lines of defense the body has against invaders? | Skin, sweat, saliva, tears, nasal passages, stomach acids
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| List 4 types of invaders | Viruses, Fungi, Bacteria, Parasites
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| List the 6 steps of invasion a virus takes | 1. Virus enters the body 2. Penetrates the cell 3. Takes control of the cell 4. Replicates itself 5. Cell bursts 6. Repeats procedure in neighboring cells
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| List 3 ways one can be immunized | 1. Injection 2. Orally 3. Scarification
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