Intoduction to Sociology
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| What is sociology? | The systematic study of human society.
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| What is sociological perspective? | The special point of view of sociology that sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular people.
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| What is global perspective? | The study of the larger world and our society's place in it.
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| What is positivism? | A scientific approach to knowledge based on positive facts as opposed to mere speculation.
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| What is theory? | A statement of how and why specific facts are related.
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| What is the theoretical approach? | It is a basic image of society that guides thinking and research.
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| What is the structural-functional approach? | It is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
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| What are social functions? | The consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole.
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| What are manifest functions? | The recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern.
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| What are latent functions? | The unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern.
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| What is the social-conflict approach? | It is a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.
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| What is the gender-conflict approach? | It is a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and man.
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| What is social structure? | Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior.
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| What is social dysfunction? | Any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society.
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| What are high-income countries? | The nations that have the highest overall standards of living.
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| What are middle-income countries? | Nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole.
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| What are low-income countries? | Nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor.
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| What is feminism? | Support of social equality for women and men.
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| What is the race-conflict approach? | A point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories.
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| What is the macro-level orientation? | A broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole.
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| What is the micro-level orientation? | A close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations.
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| What is the symbolic-interaction approach? | A framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.
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| What is positivist sociology? | The study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior.
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| What is science? | A logical system that develops knowledge from direct, systematic observation.
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| What is empirical evidence? | Information we can verify with our senses.
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| Concept | A mental construct that represents some aspect of the world in s simplified form.
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| Variable | A concept whose value changes from case to case.
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| Measurement | A procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case.
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| Reliability | Consistency in measurement.
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| Validity | Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure.
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| Correlation | A relationship in which two (or more) variables change together.
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| Cause and effect | A relationship in which change in one variable (the independent variable) causes change in another (the dependent variable).
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| Interpretive sociology | The study of society that focuses on the need for social change.
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| Critical sociology | The study of society that focuses on the need for social change.
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| Gender | The personal traits and social positions that memebers of a society attach to being female or male.
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| Culture | The ways of thinking, the ways of acting and the material objects that together form a people's way of life.
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| Society | People who interact in a defined territory and share a culture.
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| Culture Shock | Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life.
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| Symbol | Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.
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| Language | A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another.
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| Cultural Transmission | The process by which one generation passes culture to the next.
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| Sapir-Whorf thesis | The idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language.
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| What is social structure? | Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior.
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| What is social dysfunction? | Any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society.
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| What are high-income countries? | The nations that have the highest overall standards of living.
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| What are middle-income countries? | Nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole.
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| What are low-income countries? | Nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor.
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| What is feminism? | Support of social equality for women and men.
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| What is the race-conflict approach? | A point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories.
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| What is the macro-level orientation? | A broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole.
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| What is the micro-level orientation? | A close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations.
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| What is the symbolic-interaction approach? | A framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.
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| What is positivist sociology? | The study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior.
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| What is science? | A logical system that develops knowledge from direct, systematic observation.
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| What is empirical evidence? | Information we can verify with our senses.
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| Concept | A mental construct that represents some aspect of the world in s simplified form.
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| Variable | A concept whose value changes from case to case.
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| Measurement | A procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case.
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| Reliability | Consistency in measurement.
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| Validity | Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure.
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| Correlation | A relationship in which two (or more) variables change together.
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| Cause and effect | A relationship in which change in one variable (the independent variable) causes change in another (the dependent variable).
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| Interpretive sociology | The study of society that focuses on the need for social change.
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| Critical sociology | The study of society that focuses on the need for social change.
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| Gender | The personal traits and social positions that memebers of a society attach to being female or male.
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| Culture | The ways of thinking, the ways of acting and the material objects that together form a people's way of life.
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| Society | People who interact in a defined territory and share a culture.
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| Culture Shock | Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life.
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| Symbol | Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.
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| Language | A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another.
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| Cultural Transmission | The process by which one generation passes culture to the next.
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| Sapir-Whorf thesis | The idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language.
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| Values | Culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living.
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| Beliefs | Specific ideas that people hold to be true.
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| Norms | Rules and expectations by which a society guides that behavior of its members.
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| Mores | Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance.
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| Folkways | Norms for routine or casual interaction.
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| Technology | Knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings.
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| Hunting and gathering | The use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food.
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| Horticulture | The use of hand tools to raise crops.
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| Pastoralism | The domestication of animals.
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| Agriculture | Large-scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources.
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| Industry | The production of good using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery.
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| Postindustrialism | The production of information using computer technology.
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| High culture | Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite.
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| Popular culture | Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population.
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| Subculture | Cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population.
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| Multiculturalism | A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions.
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| Eurocentrism | The dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns.
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| Afrocentrism | Emphasizing and promoting African cultural patterns.
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| Counterculture | Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society.
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| Cultural integration | The close relationships among various elements of a cultural system.
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| Cultural lag | The fact that some cultural elements change more quickly that others, disrupting a cultural system.
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| Ethnocentrism | The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture.
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| Cultural relativism | The practice of judging a cultural by its own standards.
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