Sociology chapter 8
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| Anomie | Durkheim’s term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.
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| . Anomie theory of deviance | Robert Merton’s theory that explains deviance as an adaptation either of socially prescribed goals or of the means governing their attainment, or both.
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| Conformity | Going along with peers’ individuals of our own status, who have no special right to direct our behavior.
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| Control theory | A view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society’s norms
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| Crime | A violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties.
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| Cultural transmission | A school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions.
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| Deviance | Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
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| Differential association | A theory of deviance proposed by Edwin Sutherland that holds that violation rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts
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| Formal social control | Social control carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administration, and employers.
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| Informal social control | Social control carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule
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| . Labeling theory | An approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed, as deviants while other engaging in the same behavior are not.
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| Law | Governmental social control
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| Obedience | Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure
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| Organized crime | The work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises, including the smuggling and sale of drugs, prostitution, and gambling.
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| Professional criminal | A person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals.
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| Routine activities theory | The notion that criminal victimization increases when there is a convergence of motivated offenders and vulnerable targets.
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| Sanctions | Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
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| Social constructionist perspective | An approach to deviance that emphasizes the role of culture in the creation of the deviant identity.
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| . Social control | The techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.
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| Societal reaction approach | Another name for labeling theory.
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| . Stigma | A label used to devalue members of deviant social group
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| Victimization surveys | questionnaires or interviews give to a sample of the population to determine whether people have been victims of crime.
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| Victimless crime | A term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services.
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| White Collar crime | Crimes committed by affluent individuals or corporations in the course of their daily business activities.
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