Histo Key Points Eye
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| what are the eye layers | Tunica Fibrosa Uvula Tract Nerve Layer
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| Tunica fibrosa is made up of | (sclera and cornea)
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| Uveal tract is made up of | (choroid, ciliary body and iris)
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| Nerve layer made up of | (retina)
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| Anterior chamber is made of | Cornea and iris (and anterior face of the lens).
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| Posterior chamber consists of | Iris, ciliary processes, zonular attachments and lens.
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| Vitreous space found where | Behind the lens; surrounded by retina.
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| the sclera is made uo of | Opaque five sixths (posteriorly) of the external laye
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| the scleara is thinner_____ and thicker_______ | Thinner in the coronal equator and thicker posteriorly, where the optic nerve crosses it (lamina cribosa).
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| whats is the color of the sclera | White (bluish to yellow)
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| what is the sclera made up of | made of dense connective tissue, relatively avascular.
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| Episclera is what | External layer connected by loose connective tissue with the Tenon’s capsule
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| Tenon’s capsule (sclera proper) insertion of what muscle | Where extraocular muscles insert
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| Suprachoroidal lamina (lamina fusca) what does it consist of | Loose connective tissue with melanocytes, elastic fibres and fibroblasts.
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| The episcleral space exists between | episclera and Tenon’s capsule
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| Cornea is considered the | Primary dioptry of the eye
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| Which means that cornea is responsible for most of the light____ | Refraction
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| the conrnea is described as the | Transparent anterior sixth of tunica fibrosa
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| what are the paramaters of the Cornea | 11 mm diameter and 0.55 mm thick, with five layers
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| what are the five layers of the cornea | epitheluim Bowman's membrane stroma Descemet's Membrane Endotheluim Limbus Aqueous Fluid Uvula Tract
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| Epithelium of cornea makes up what % of the tissue | ~ 10 % of tissue thickness
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| what kind of epithelui do you find in the cornea | Five to seven cells-thick stratified squamous epithelium
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| what kind of surface to you expect to find in the cornea | Smooth refractive surface
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| what is the nerve supply of the cornea rich or poor | Rich nerve supply
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| what kind of cells constitute the corneal epitheluim | Surface cells with microvilli
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| what is the function of the surface cells with microvilli in the corneal epitheluim | that helps to sustain the precorneal tear film (divided into mucous layer, aqueous layer, oily outer layer)
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| what is the life span of the corneal apitheluim | Turnover each week
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| 2. Bowman's membrane is characterized as | Homogenous acellular layer of type II collagen and intercellular substance
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| what is the thickness of the Bowman's capsule | 7 – 12 µm in thickness
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| what is the function of the Bowman's Capsule | Provides stability and strength to the cornea
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| what does the Bowman's capsule lack of | basal lamina as it lacks of glycosaminoglycans
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| what part of the cornea is destroyed does not regenarate | Bowman's Capsule
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| Stroma makes up what % of corneal thickness | ~ 90 % of corneal thickness
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| what describes the lamina of coreal stroma | 60 thin lamellae of parallel intertwined collagen fibrils and intercellular substance
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| the intracellulat substance in the Stroma of the cornea is rich in what | rich in chondroitin sulfate
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| what are the cells of the corneal stroma | Fibroblasts (keratocytes)
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| what is the function of the stroma of the cornea | Provides support to the cornea
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| Is the cornea stroma vascular or avascular | Avascular
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| Descemet's membrane is how thick | 5 – 10 µm thick structure
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| The Descemet's membrane is another name for | lamina of the corneal endothelium
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| Descements Membrane is mainly made up what kind of filaments? | Collagen filaments
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| Is the descement's membrane easily regenarated? | Easily regenerated if the corneal endothelium is intact
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| under what conditions is the Descement's membrane easily regenarated | if the corneal endotheluim is still intact
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| Endothelium of the cornea is | Simple squamous or low cuboidal epithelium
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| what is the function of the Endothelial layer of the cornea? | maintain Descemet’s membrane
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| How does the endotheluim layer dehydrate the cornea? | Dehydrates cornea via Na-K ATP pump (takes out the water from stroma) [Relative dehydration maintains corneal clarity]
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| Does the endothelial layer of the cornea easily regenarate ? | Highly specialized
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| Limbus is what kind of area in the cornea | Transition area
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| what is another name for the Limbus layer of the cornea | (AKA corneoscleral junction
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| The Limbus is the layer of the cornea that serves as a reservoir for what types of cells for what layer | Stem cell reservoir for the corneal epithelium
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| Is the Limbus vascularized | Highly vascularized
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| what is the charactereristic of the limbus | Trabecular meshwork (loose connective tissue)
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| what are the spaces of Fontana and in which layer of the cornea are they found? | Endothelium-lined channels (spaces of Fontana) found in the Limbus layer of the cornea
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| the Spaces of Fontana found in the Limbus layer create? | the canal of Schlemm (sinus venosus sclerae)
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| Aqueous fluid is Secreted by? | the ciliary processes
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| Aqueous fluid is rich in | ascorbic acid
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| what is the function of the aqueous fluid | Nourishes the lens and the cornea
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| what is the refraction of the aqueous fluid in relation with the cornea | Non-refractive in relation with the cornea
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| where is the Aqueous Fluid Reabsorbed? | In the canal of Schlemm
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| what is the pressure level required to maintain the shape of the cornea? | Hydrostatic pressure of 20 mm Hg, maintains the shape of the cornea
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| Uveal tract is the | (middle or vascular layer)
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| Four components of the uvula tract are | Choroid, Ciliary body, Ciliary processes, Iris
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| Choroid layer of the uvula tract makes up? | Posterior five sixths of the eye
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| what is the function of the choroid layer of the uvula tract? | Creates a dark chamber and provides nutrition to the retina
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| the choroid layer of the uvula tract provides nutriotion to which part of the eye | Retina
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| The choroid layer of the uvula tract is describes as | Highly vascularized loose connective tissue with melanocytes
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| what type of cells will you find in the choroid layer of the uvula tract | melanocytes
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| the choroid plexus is made up of Two layers what are they? | Outer Layer and Choriocapillary layer
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| Outer layer | With large blood vessels
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| Choriocapillary layer | Inner layer, many small blood vessels
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| Bruch's membrane is what ? | Hyaline layer from the optic disk (optic papilla) to the ora serrata (were both retinas meet each other)
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| The ora serrata is the place where? | both of the retina's meet each other
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| The Bruch's membrane is a | Specialized basement membrane for the retinal pigmented epithelium
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| what is the function of the Buchman's membrane? | Separates the choriocapillary layer from the retina
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| The Buchman's Membrane is made up of 5 layers what are they ? | Basal lamina of choriocapillary layer,Thin collagen layer,Thin layer of elastic fibres, Thin subepithelial layer of collagen fibres, Basal lamina of retinal pigment epithelium
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| Ciliary body is what ? |
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| the ciliary body is found at what level | at the level of the lens
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| what is the tissue type that we see in the ciliary body | Loose connective tissue with melanocytes surrounding the ciliary muscle
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| what is the function of the ciliary body | Secretes the aqueous humor (ciliary processes)
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| the ciliary body is devided in to ? | Divided in anterior and posterior portions
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| the anterior part of the ciliary body is called | Anterior (pars plicata)
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| Anterior Pars Plicata is | 75 folds (ciliary processes) that radiate posteriorly
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| Posterior (pars plana) is? | flat, joins the retina at the ora serrata
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| the Epithelium of the ciliary body ismade of? | two layers of single cells continuous with the pigmented cells in the iris
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| which layer is pigmented in the iris? | only the outer layer is pigmented
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| Ciliary muscles are what type of muscle | Two bundles of smooth muscle
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| the ciliary muscle insertes where | Inserted in the sclera anteriorly and on the ciliary body posteriorly
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| what is the function of the ciliary muscle? | One bundle stretches the iris; the other relaxes the tension on the lens (provided by the zonula fibres) when contracted
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| what kind of innervation does the ciliary muscle receive | Parasympathetic innervation
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| Ciliary processes is the? | Ridge-like extensions of ciliary body.
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| ciliary processes is made up of? | Core of loose connective tissue with capillaries.
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| where do you find the zonule fibers? | From the grooves between the processes emerge the zonule fibres.
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| The ciliary processes are made up of? | Two simple epithelial layers
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| The External epithelial layer of the ciliary processes is made up of | Simple columnar with melanin.
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| The Internal epithelial layer of the ciliary processes is | Derived from the retina.
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| the cells of the internal epithelial layers form? | These cells form the aqueous humor.
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| Iris is a | Ring-like structure
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| The Iris is considered to be the | Extension of the ciliary body
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| Pupil round opening in the centre of the | iris
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| Anterior surface of the iris is made up of ? | Grooves and ridges
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| The Groves and Ridges in the iris are created by which cells? | (melanocytes and fibroblasts)
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| Stroma of the iris contains? | melanocytes, blood vessels and the sphincter pupillae muscle [parasympathetic innervation]
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| which part of the eye is considered to be an extension of the ciliary Body? | Iris
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| The posterior surface of the iris is made up of? | two layers of epithelium
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| The two layers of posterior surface of the iris are? | Inner (inner retinal layer),Outer (outer pigmented layer)
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| Inner Retinal layer of the Iris is ? | Pigmented, big melanin granules (stops light)
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| what is the function of the inner retinal layer? | Stops the light
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| The Outer Pigmented layer in the basal regions is rich with | overlapping myofilaments
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| The overlapping myofilaments of the outer pigmented layer create what? | to create the dilator pupillae muscle of the iris (defined sometimes as contractile outer layer)
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| The dilator pupillae muscle is what kind of innervation | [sympathetic innervation]
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| Colour of the eyes is provided by what three elements | pigment of the STROMA OF THE IRIS, The Pigment of the Posterior epitheluim, Cellular density of the stroma of the iris
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| Muscles of the iris are which two | Dilator and Sphinter
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| Dilator Muscle has this innervation and runs? | Sympathetic, runs radially
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| Sphincter muscle of the Iris has this innervation and runs? | Parasympathetic, runs concentrically
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| Lens is a ? | Transparent biconvex epithelial structure
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| how thick is the lens | (10 mm diameter and 5 mm thick at the centre)
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| the lens is responsible for the? | secondary dioptry of the eye.
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| What keeps the Lens in Place? | Zonule fibres keep it in place
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| What do the Zonula Fibers do in relation to the ciliary muscle? | transduce the action of the ciliary body muscle
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| what are the 3 portions of the Lens?Capsule Subscapular Epitheluim and Fibers | Capsule--Subscapular Epitheluim --Fibers
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| Capsule of the lens is typically this made up of? | Thick carbohydrate-rich structure coating the outer surface of the lens (type IV collagen plus glycoproteins)
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| Subcapsular epithelium of the lens is? | Single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells only in the anterior surface of the lens
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| Fibres of the Lens are ? | Highly differentiated cells that lose their nuclei and organelles (7 – 10 mm in length x 8 – 10 µm in width)
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| Opacities of diverse etiology in the lens are known as | cataracts.
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| Accommodation is the | Ability of the lens to adjust to keep objects focused on the retina
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| Accommadation is possible due to these three structures | Lens, Ciliary muscle, Suspensory ligaments (zonule fibres)
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| Vitreous body is a ? | Jellylike substance behind the lens
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| Vitreous Body is made up of ? | 98 % of water
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| Vitreouse Body makes up most of the? | volume of the eye (~ 2 / 3)
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| The Vitreouse body is refrective non refrective in response to the lens? | Non-refractive respect to the lens
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| Hyalocytes are cells that are found? | Peripherally situated in the vitreous body
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| What is the function of the Hyalocytes? | Synthesize and maintain collagen and hyaluronic acid
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| What kind of activity is displayed by the hyalocytes? | Phagocytic activity (if they also have antigen presenting properties, they might come from the monocytes).
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| What is the possible precursor of the Hyalonocytes? | Monocytes
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| Retina consist of two portions what are they | Anterior--> Not photoreseptive
Posterior--> Photosensitive (functional Retina)
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| What is the limit between two portions of the Retina called? | Ora Serrata
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| Anterior portion of the Retina is | not photosensitive; just the inner lining of the ciliary body and posterior face of the iris.
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| Posterior portion of the Retina is or is not photosensitive? | photosensitive. Functional retina.
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| The posterior portion of the Retina is also called the? | Functional Retina
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| Layers of the Retina are? | Pigment epithelium, Layer of Rods and Cons, external limiting layer
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| Layer of rods and cones is where the what is found? | the cytoplasm and pigment disks are found
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| External limiting membrane is made up of which layers | Outer nuclear layer – these are the nuclei of cones and rods
Outer Plexiform Layer
Inner Nucleur Layer
Inner Plexiform Layer
Ganglionic Cell Layer
Optic Nerve Fibre Layer
Internal Limiting Membrane
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| Retinal Detachment is mostly observed in which 2 layers ? | 1st and 2nd layer of the retina
The PIGMENT EPITHELUIM LAYER
THE LAYER OF RODS AND CONES
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| Which fibers become confluent at the optic papilla | Optic Nerve Fibre Layer
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| Neurons at the retina consist of what six types? | RODS
CONES
HORIZONTAL CELLS
BIPOLAR CELLS
AMARACRINE CELLS
RETINAL GANGLIONIC CELLS
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| Amacrine cells make VERY COMPLEX INTERACTIONS with which types of cells? | WIth each other Amacrine cells, Bipolar Cells, the Retinal Ganglionic cells and even the outer Plexiform Layer
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| Müller cells are what type of cells associated with what area of the eye? | Glial cells for the retina
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| WHat is unique about the Muller Cells? | Have also very precise ways of conducting light within, as if they were optical fibres.
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| Muller's cells conduct light as if they were ? | optical fibers
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| The Nuclei of the Muller's Cells are found? | Nuclei found at the inner nuclear layer
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| The Muller's Cells extend from ? | internal limiting membrane to the external limiting membrane
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| Photorreceptors of the eye are ? | RODS AND CONES
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| Rods are how many in the human eye and most commonly found where ? | 120 million in the human retina, more abundant at the periphery.
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| What are Rods Sensitive to? | low levels of light.
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| The Rods are responsibile for? | Visual Perception
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| What do you find in the RODS ? | Flattened disks with Rhodopsin (visual purple) which initiates visual stimulus.
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| Which substance is responsible for the initiation of the Visual Stimulus? | Rhodopsin
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| Outer segment of the Rods is? | photosensitive;
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| inner segment of the Rods is ? | metabolic machinery.
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| Cones are how many in the human retina? | 6 million in the human retina.
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| The cones have how many functional types? | 3 functional types.
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| What do the Cones respond to? | They respond to intense levels of light
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| What are the cones Responsible for? | visual acuity
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| What is the pigment of the Cones? | Iodopsin is their photopigment.
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| The nuclei of both rods and cones are present at the | outer nuclear layer.
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| A Special retinal spot | Fovea
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| Fovea is a ? | Shallow depression of the posterior pole of the optical axis
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| The Fovea is divided in to? | Divided in macula lutea and fovea centralis
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| Macula lutea lacks of and surrounds? | Surround fovea centralis, it lack of blood vessels
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| Fovea centralis is responsible to provide most of ? | visual acuity.
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| Fovea centralis is how many cones larger than the rest ? | 100,000 cones, larger and longer than the rest.
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| Fovea Centralis Lacks of ? | Absence of ganglion cells.
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| Papilla is also a special retinal spot which lacks of ? | No photoreceptors(blind spot of the eye)
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| The papilla of the retina is also referred to as the? | Blind Spot
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| The blind spot has an abundancy of ? | Abundant ganglion cells
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| Site where the optic nerve is made and the blood vessels go through is the? | Papilla
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| Clinically importance of the Papilla is? | Allows the assessment of the intracraneal pressure
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| Accessory structures |
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| Conjunctiva of the eye is? | Thin membrane, covers the anterior portion of the eye up to the cornea and the internal surface of the eyelids
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| The conjuctiva of the eye has this kind of epitheluim? | Stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
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| What types of cells are found in the Conjuctiva of the Eye? | Langerhans cells
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| Eyelids are ? | Movable folds of tissue that protect the eye
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| In the eyelids you will find what three types of glands? | Meibomian Zeis Moil
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| Meibomian glands are found where in the eyelid? | 25 in upper lid, 20 in the lower, long sebaceous glands not related with hair follicles in the tarsal plate.
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| Zeis glands are ? | Small sebaceous glands connected with follicles of eyelashes.
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| Moll glands in the eyelid are | Unbranched sweat glands that begin in a simple spiral and end into the eyelashes’ follicles.
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| Lacrimal apparatus | It has four elements Lacrimal Gland Canaliculi Lacrimal Sac ans Nasolacrimal Duct.
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| Lacrimal gland of the eye is what kind of a gland? | Serous gland that secretes the tears (including lysozyme).
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| The lacrimal Gland is made up of ? | Glandular lobes with 6 – 12 secretory ducts that connect the gland with the superior conjunctival fornix.
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| The secretion goes to the lacrimal canaliculi through? | the lacrimal puncta
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| Several minor lacrimal glands in the eyelids are called? | (AKA tarsal glands).
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| Canaliculi in the eye are ? | Superior and inferior, they create a common canaliculus before opening into the lacrimal sac
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| Lacrimal sac is the ? | Dilated portion that lies in the bony lacrimal fossa
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| Lacrimal sac is found where? | In the lacrimal Fossa
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| Nasolacrimal duct is just a ? | downward continuation of the lacrimal sac.
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milky1989
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