Veterinary Planes of reference & cell anatomy
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| Anatomy | Deals with the form and structure of the body and its parts. Identifies what things look like and where they are located.
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| Physiology | Deals with the function of the body and its parts. Defines how things work and what they do.
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| Planes of reference | An imaginary slice through the body.
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| Sagittal Plane | The length of the body. Divides the body into left and right halves, that are not necessarily equal.
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| Median Plane = Midline (mid-sagittal) | A type of vertical sagittal plane. Divides left and right into EQUAL halves.
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| Transverse Plane | Across the body. Divides the body into cranial and caudal parts. Not necessarily equal.
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| Dorsal plane. | Divides the body into dorsal and ventral. At right angles to the sagittal and transverse planes. Not necessarily equal. (A dog standing in the water)
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| Cranial | Toward the head
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| Caudal | Toward the tail
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| Rostral | Toward the nose
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| Dorsal | Back or top surface
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| Ventral | Lower surface or belly
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| Medial | Toward the medial plane (center of the body)
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| Lateral | Away from the medial plane
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| Deep | Toward the center of the body
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| Superficial | Toward the surface of the body
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| Proximal | On extremities only! Toward the body
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| Distal | On extremities only! Away from the body
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| Bilateral Symmetry | Right and left halves are mirror images of each other
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| Dorsal body cavity | Contains the Central Nervous System (Brain & Spinal Cord)
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| Ventral Body Cavity | Larger than Dorsal body cavity. Contain viscera (soft organs). Divided by the diaphragm. Consists of the cranial Thoracic Cavity and caudal Abdominal Cavity.
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| Thoracic Cavity | Has pleura, which are the thin covering that protects and cushions the lungs. Consists of 2 layers. Pleural fluid fills the space between the layers.
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| Pleural Fluid | It's function is to lubricate. It allows 2 surfaces to slide over each other without causing irritation.
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| Pleurisy/Pleuritis | Inflammation of the pleura. The pleural surfaces become thickened & roughened. Therefore breathing becomes painful.
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| Abdominal Cavity | Contains the digestive tract, urinary tract, and reproductive organs. Lined by peritoneum. Has 2 layers.
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| Peritoneal Fluid | Fills the space between the 2 layers.
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| Peritonitis | The inflammation of the peritoneum. Most likely caused by a ruptured bowel.
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| Cells | Basic functional units
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| Tissue | Specialized cells grouped together. 4 types of tissue.
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| Epithelial Tissue | Covers body surfaces. Skin, lining of mouth, intestines, bladders. Contains secreting units: sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands.
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| Connective Tissue | Holds the body together and gives it support. Adipose, cartilage, bone, and blood.
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| Muscle tissue | in charge of body movement, inside and out. 3 different types.
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| Skeletal Muscle tissue | moves bones -- conscious
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| Smooth muscle tissue | moves internal organs -- automatic
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| Cardiac muscle tissue | Pumps the heart -- automatic
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| Nervous Tissue | Transmits information and controls body functions.
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| Organs | Groups of tissues that work together for a common purpose
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| Systems | groups of organs involved in a common activity
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| Homeostasis | The body's response to changing environment in an effort to remain normal.
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| Nucleus of the cell contains the... | DNA & RNA
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| The two major body cavities are the... | Dorsal and Ventral cavitites
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| 3 structures found in all mammalian cells... | cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell membrane.
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| Microscopic anatomy | structures so small, you need a microscope to see them
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| Macroscopic anatomy | large enough to see with the naked eye.
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| Regional anatomy | study individual regions of the body
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| systemic anatomy | study individual systems of the body
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| Prokaryotes | no true nucleus, no nuclear envelope, and no membrane bound organelles. Ex: Bacteria
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| Eukaryotes | All living things. Have a true nucleus, nuclear envelope, and membrane bound organelles.
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| Cell membrane | Selectively permeable outer membrane of the cell.
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| Cytoplasm | Part of the cell that is inside the cell membrane ,but outside of the nuclear envelope.
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| Organelle | Specialized structures within a cell that carry out specific functions for that cell.
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| Glycocalyx | Outer covering of the cell that aids in cell adhesion and to identify the cell by other cells
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| Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) | glycoproteins that aid in the bonding of cells and lubricating the movement of one cell past another.
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| membrane receptors | integral proteins and glycoproteins that form binding sites
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| contact signaling | cell to cell recognition that is important in immune responses to infection
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| cell mediated immune response | response to the body's cells to regulate the destruction of infectious bacteria and viruses during specific immune responses.
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| Ligand | small molecules that bond to larger chemical groups or molecules.
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| centrioles | aids in cell division
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| basal bodies | pair of centrioles that act as a base for cilia and flagella
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| cilia | hairlike processes on surface of the cell that assist in the movement of fluid, mucus, and debris across the cell surface.
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| Flagella | longer than cilia, helps move the cell through fluid.
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| Cytoskeleton | internal structure of the cell that maintains the cell shape.
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| microtubules | aid cells with rigidity and transportation.
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| Cell membrane | consists of a lipid bilayer. The hydrophilic "heads" are on the outside and the hydrophobic "tails" are on the inside.
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| Mitochondria | Power house of the cell. Produces most the the energy that fuels the cell.
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| Ribosomes | contain proteins and ribosomal RNA. Important site for protein synthesis/production.
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Series of flattened tubes stacked on one another and bent in a crescent shape. Single lipid bilayer.
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| Rough ER | has ribosomes on its surface and is involved in the production of protein outside the cell.
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| Smooth ER | involved in the synthesis and the storage of lipids.
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| Golgi Apparatus | Composed of stacks called cristae. Acts as a modification, packaging, and distribution center for molecules. Form Lysosomes.
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| Lysosomes | Formed by Golgi Apparatus. specialized visicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes enclosed in a single protective membrane. Breaks down nutrient molecules into usable smaller units and digests intracellular debris.
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| Peroxisomes | membranous sacs containing enzymes found throughout the cell. Changes free radicals to hydrogen peroxide then converts to water. Reproduce by pinching in half. Important in the detoxification of various molecules.
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| Inclusions | metabolic products that the cell has engulfed
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| Nucleus | maintains the hereditary info and controls cellular activities through protein synthesis. Consists of the nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, chromatin, and nucleolus.
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| Nuclear envelope | continuous with ER and studded with ribosomes. Nuclear pores where the 2 layers of the envelope have fused.
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| Chromatin | made of DNA and histones
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| Nucleolus | patches in the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are made
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| Intracellular fluid | fluid inside of the cell
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| Extracellular fluid | fluid outside of the cell
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| Interstitial fluid | extracellular fluid specifically found in tissues.
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| Fluids contain... | Cations (+) and anions (-). These ions are called electrolytes. Acids and bases are also electrolytes.
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| Difussion | movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration. Factors that determine where a molecule can pass through a cell membrane by passive diffusion are: molecular size, lipid solubility, and molecular charge.
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| Osmosis | Movement of water into highly concentrated areas. Opposite of diffusion.
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| Osmotic pressure | the force of water moving from one side of the membrane to the other
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| Isotonic | same concentration inside and out
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| hypotonic | lower concentration outside the cell. Causes cell to go through lysis and burst.
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| hypertonic | higher concentration inside the cell. Causes the cell to go through crenation and shrink.
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| Active transport | expending cellular energy
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| Endocytosis | transports large particles/liquids into the cell by engulfing them.
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| Phagocytosis | type of endocytosis in which it engulfs solid material
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| Pinocytosis | type of endocytosis in which it engulfs liquids
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| Exocytosis | Out of the cell, packaged in vesicles by the ER and Golgi body. Releases contents into extracellular fluid.
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| Mitosis | life cycle of the cell divided into Interphase (growing cell) and Mitotic phase (cell actively divides). Stages of Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
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| Interphase | Period between cell divisions. (G1) Growth phase 1 - cell is getting bigger and doubling. (s) Synthetic phase - DNA replication. (G2) Growth phase 2 - centrioles complete replication.
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| Telomeres | determine the length of the cell life. Controls replication
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| Cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm that signal the end of mitosis.
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| Control of cell division | contact inhibition, cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)
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| Protein Synthesis | Transcription and Translation
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| Transcription | genetic information in DNA is copied onto messenger RNA (mRNA)
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| Translation | Complementary nucleotides pair with the mRNA to create the protein.
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| Genetic mutations | errors in DNA replication
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| Mutagen | anything that causes genetic mutation
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| Membrane receptors | play a vital role in cell-to-cell recognition or contact signaling.
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| examples of ligands | hormones and neurotransmitters
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| components of cytoplasm | cytoskeleton, organelles, inclusions, cytosol.
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| how many mitochondria in the average mammalian cell? | It depends on the cell's activity level. Highly active cells will require more mitochondria.
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| Cell is anucleated and cannot divide, make proteins or enzymes, or repair itself... | red blood cell
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| outer layer of the nuclear membrane is continuous with the... | ER
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| Adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil, and thymine are examples of... | nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA.
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| Phase of mitosis called the metabolic phase? | interphase
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| Acids and bases | acids release hydrogen ions and bases release hydroxyl ions.
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| What characteristics allow molecules to pass through membranes fairly easily? | molecules with a small diameter and lipid soluble molecules such as alcohol and steroids.
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| Which activity requires the expenditure of energy? | active transport
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| K and Na | Potassium is 10-20 times higher inside the cell and Sodium is 10-20 times higher outside the cell.
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| ATP molecules | every molecule of ATP has 2 Potassium ions and 3 Sodium ions.
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| Giant cells that gobble up debris, dead cells, and outside invaders | Macrophages
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| Exocytosis of waste products | Excretion
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| Reproductive cells divide via a process known as... | meiosis. Only have half the copies of each cell.
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| Mitosis | regular cells divide into identical copies of each other.
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| Somatic cell is actively dividing during this phase... | mitotic phase
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| Cell Differentiation | Temporary or permanent inhibition of genes in some cells ,but not others.
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| Viscera | Soft organs
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