Groundwater Terminology A- D
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| Aeration zone | The zone immediately below the land surface where the pores contain both water and air, but are not totally saturated with water. Plant roots can capture the moisture passing through this zone, but it cannot provide water for wells.
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| Aquiclude | Impermeable beds of geologic material that hinder or prevent groundwater movement.
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| Aquifer | An underground geological formation able to store and yield water.
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| Aquifer storage and retrieval (ASR | Use of a well or series of wells to inject surface water into an aquifer during wet weather or low demand periods for purposes of withdrawal and use during drought and/or high demand periods.
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| Artesian aquifer | exist where the groundwater is bounded between layers of impermeable substances like clay or dense rock. When tapped by a well, water in confined aquifers is forced up, sometimes above the soil surface. This is how a flowing artesian well is formed.
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| Artificial recharge | Putting water back into groundwater storage from surface water supplies such as irrigation, or induced infiltration from streams or wells. Includes aquifer storage and retrieval (ASR).
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| Baseflow | Streamflow coming from groundwater seepage into a stream or river. Groundwater flows underground until the water table intersects the land surface and the flowing water becomes surface water in the form of springs, streams/rivers, lakes and wetlands.
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| Best management practices (BMP’s) | Structural, nonstructural, and managerial techniques recognized to be the most effective and practical means to reduce surface water and groundwater contamination while still allowing the productive use of resources.
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| Brackish | Mixed fresh and salt water.
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| Capillary water | Capillary water moves upward from the water table in the aeration zone by capillary action. This water can move slowly and in any direction. While most plants rely on water from precipitation in the unsaturated zone, their roots may tap into capillary h20
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| Collection site | A stream, lake, reservoir, or other body of water fed by water drained from a watershed.
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| Condensation | The process in the hydrologic cycle by which a vapor becomes a liquid; the opposite of evaporation.
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| Cone of depression | Pumping from a well in a water table aquifer lowers the water table near the well. This area is known as a cone of depression. The land area above a cone of depression is called the area of influence. Groundwater flows towards the cone of depression.
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| Confined aquifer | (aka artesian or pressure aquifers) Groundwater that is bounded between layers of impermeable substances like clay or dense rock. When tapped by a well, water in confined aquifers is forced up, sometimes above the soil surface.
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| Confining layer | Geologic material with little or no permeability or hydraulic conductivity. Water does not pass through this layer or the rate of movement is extremely slow.
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| Conservation | The use of water-saving methods to reduce the amount of water needed for homes, lawns, farming, and industry, and thus increasing water supplies for optimum long-term economic and social benefits.
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| Consolidated rock | Tightly bound geologic formation composed of sandstone, limestone, granite, or other rock.
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| Consumptive use | Reducing the water supply (i.e., removing water from a river, lake or aquifer) without returning an equal amount. Examples include water intake by plants, humans, and other animals and the incorporation of water into industrial or food products.
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| Contaminant | Any substance that when added to water (or another substance) makes it impure and unfit for consumption or an intended use.
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| Darcy’s Law | Groundwater movement equation developed by Henry Darcy in the mid-1800’s.
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| Depletion | The loss of water from surface water reservoirs or groundwater aquifers at a rate greater than that of recharge.
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| Diffusion | The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
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| Discharge | An outflow of water from a stream, pipe, groundwater aquifer, or watershed; the opposite of recharge.
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| Discharge area | The area or zone where groundwater emerges from the aquifer. The outflow maybe into a stream, lake, spring, wetland, etc.
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| Drawdown | A lowering of the groundwater level caused by pumping.
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| Drough | An extended period with little or no precipitation; often affects crop production and availability of water supplies.
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