Stack #40888
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| Function of the Urinary System | excretory function is main function; the removal of waste products from the blood and eliminating them from the body
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| Excretion | the removal and elimination of metabolic waste products from the blood
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| Organs that Function in Waste Disposal | urinary system, skin, lungs, digestive system
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| Organs of the Urinary System | two kidneys, two ureters (one from each kidney), one urinary bladder, one urethra
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| Location of the Kidneys | behind the peritoneum (retroperitoneal); protected by a capsule of fat, the diaphragm, and the ribs
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| Nephron | basic structural and functional unit of the kidney; millions of nephrons in each kidney
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| Hilum | anatomical point at which major blood vessels and ureters join the kidney
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| Renal Cortex | outer portion of the kidney
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| Renal Medulla | inner portion of the kidney that contains the tubes in which urine is formed and collected
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| Renal Pelvis | collecting structure at the beginning of the ureter at the hilum of the kidney
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| Renal papilla of pyramid | medulla to renal pyramid to calyces to renal pelvis to ureter to bladder
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| Calyces | cup-like extensions of the renal pelvis that collect urine that passes to the ureters
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| Ureters | tubes that drain urine into the urinary bladder; enter the bladder at an angle (obliquely), this prevents the back-flow of urine
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| Nephron | functional unit of the kidney
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| Nephron | Bowman's capsule; glomerulus; afferent and efferent arterioles; peritubular capillaries; loop of Henli; proximal convoluted tubule; juxtaglonerular apparatus; renin; angiotensin
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| Bowman's capsule | encircles; tiny, coiled tube with a bulb called the Bowman's capsule that has a system of capillaries called glomerulus
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| Glomerulus | system of capillaries within the Bowman's capsule
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| Afferent and Efferent Arterioles | supply the glomerulus with blood
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| Afferent Arterioles | wider than the efferent arteriole which causes the pressure of blood entering the glomerulus to be high
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| Peritubular Capillaries | capillaries that are found around the nephron
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| Loop of Henli | located in the nephron; electrolytes are reabsorbed here
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| Ascending Loop of Henli | goes up
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| Descending Loop of Henli | goes down
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| Proximal Convoluted Tubule | coiled tube leading from the Bowman's capsule to form the loop of Henli to the distal convoluted tubule to the afferent arteriole to the juxtaglomerular apparatus
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| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus | contains specialized cells that help to regulate kidney function by releasing an enzyme called renin
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| Renin | enzyme released by the juxtaglomerular apparatus that activates angiotensin
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| Angiotensin | produced by the kidney and acts to raise the blood pressure
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| Functions of the Kidneys | regulate the pH levels of blood and body fluids; excrete metabolic wastes; dispose of excess water and salts
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| Urea | produced by the liver; eliminated by the kidneys; nitrogenic waste product
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| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus | renin; angiotensin; erythropoietin
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| Renin | causes blood vessels to constrict; causes blood pressure to increase
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| Angiotensin | protein activated by renin that raises the blood pressure
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| Erytropoietin | made by the kidney when the kidney is not getting enough oxygen; increases production of red blood cells
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| Formation of Urine | filtration, reabsorption, secretion; glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
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| Formation of Urine | filtration of blood, reabsorption of electrolytes in the loop of Henli, secretion of urine through calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder
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| Glomerular Filtration | movement of materials under pressure from the blood into the Bowman's capsule callded glomerular filtrate
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| Glomerular Filtrate | fluid and dissolved materials that leave the blood and enter the kidney nephron through the Bowman's capsule
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| Tubular Reabsorption | moves useful materials back to the blood and removes wastes; 160-180L of glomerular filtrate goes through the kidneys on a daily basis
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| Tubular Secretion | potassium moves into the urine; this is how the kidneys are able to regulate fluid balance
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| Transport Maximum | AKA threshold limit; solutes such as sodium and glucose may leave the blood stream and be lost in the urine; when the kidneys become overloaded and are unable to reabsorb these substances; this is what happens with diabetes mellitus; glocosuria
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| Glucosuria | sugar in the urine; occurs when blood sugars are above 180; kidney can no longer keep the urine in the body
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| ADH | antidiuretic hormone; against diuresis (doesn't want to release urine); released by the pituitary gland (in the brain; mastergland); regulates urine production; if it is high, there is going to be less urine formation; if decreased more urine
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| Ureters | enter bladder obliquely to prevent the backflow of urine; at the back of the bladder; transports urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
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| Urinary Bladder | temporary reservoir for urine; has skin folds (rugae); transitional epithelial tissue; trigone; detrusor muscle
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| Transitional Epithelial Tissue | specialized tissue that allows the bladder to expand and expand and expand
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| Moderately Full Bladder | contains about one pint or 470mL of liquid
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| Trigone | area where the ureters enter and the urethra exits
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| Detrusor Muscle | main muscle of the urinary tract; located as the middle layer of smooth muscle around the bladder; causes stress incontinence
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| Urethra | tube that extends from the bladder to the outside
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| Urinary Meatus | the external opening of the urinary tract; AKA ureteral ______
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| Urination | AKA micturation (the process of expelling urine
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| Elimination | to empty a hollow organ such as the bladder of waste substances which are temporarily stored; internal and external sphincters
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| Internal and External Sphincters | able to micturate and have a bowel movement because of these; able to control it because of these
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| Urine | 95% water; 5% nitrogenous wastes which are dissolved and eliminated through the urinary system, give urine its yellow color
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| Nitrogenous Wastes | contain creatinine, uric acid, and urea
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| 5% of the Priciple Metabolic Waste Products in Urine | contain nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water
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| Body Fluids | 50-70% of our body weight
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| Maintained by Three Different Processes | body fluids; thirst mechanism, kidney activity, hormones
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| Thirst Mechanism | located in the hypothalamus
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| Kidney Activity | urine formation
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| Hormones | aldosterone, ADH
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| Aldosterone | promotes the reabsorption of sodium in the kidney
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| ADH | antidiuretic hormone; regulates urine production
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| Body Fluids | achieve regulation of pH
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| Fluid Compartments in the Body | intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid
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| Intracellular Fluid | fluid within the cell
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| Extracellular Fluid | fluid outside of the cell
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| Interstitial Fluid | fluid in the tissues
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| Water Balance | average adult takes in about 2500mL of water a day through eating, drinkin, and normal body processes (2.5 qts a day)
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| In a half hour period, the kidneys excrete about 30cc of urine; in a 24 hour period of time, 1.5 qt of urine is excreted (1cc/min.); urge- .5 pint of urine in bladder | (blank)
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| The Three P's of Diabetes | polydypsia, polyuria, polyphasia
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| Polydypsia | excessive thirst,excessive dypsia
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| Polyuria | excessive urination
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| Polyphasia | excessive hunger
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