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Stack #40888
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Function of the Urinary System | excretory function is main function; the removal of waste products from the blood and eliminating them from the body |
| Excretion | the removal and elimination of metabolic waste products from the blood |
| Organs that Function in Waste Disposal | urinary system, skin, lungs, digestive system |
| Organs of the Urinary System | two kidneys, two ureters (one from each kidney), one urinary bladder, one urethra |
| Location of the Kidneys | behind the peritoneum (retroperitoneal); protected by a capsule of fat, the diaphragm, and the ribs |
| Nephron | basic structural and functional unit of the kidney; millions of nephrons in each kidney |
| Hilum | anatomical point at which major blood vessels and ureters join the kidney |
| Renal Cortex | outer portion of the kidney |
| Renal Medulla | inner portion of the kidney that contains the tubes in which urine is formed and collected |
| Renal Pelvis | collecting structure at the beginning of the ureter at the hilum of the kidney |
| Renal papilla of pyramid | medulla to renal pyramid to calyces to renal pelvis to ureter to bladder |
| Calyces | cup-like extensions of the renal pelvis that collect urine that passes to the ureters |
| Ureters | tubes that drain urine into the urinary bladder; enter the bladder at an angle (obliquely), this prevents the back-flow of urine |
| Nephron | functional unit of the kidney |
| Nephron | Bowman's capsule; glomerulus; afferent and efferent arterioles; peritubular capillaries; loop of Henli; proximal convoluted tubule; juxtaglonerular apparatus; renin; angiotensin |
| Bowman's capsule | encircles; tiny, coiled tube with a bulb called the Bowman's capsule that has a system of capillaries called glomerulus |
| Glomerulus | system of capillaries within the Bowman's capsule |
| Afferent and Efferent Arterioles | supply the glomerulus with blood |
| Afferent Arterioles | wider than the efferent arteriole which causes the pressure of blood entering the glomerulus to be high |
| Peritubular Capillaries | capillaries that are found around the nephron |
| Loop of Henli | located in the nephron; electrolytes are reabsorbed here |
| Ascending Loop of Henli | goes up |
| Descending Loop of Henli | goes down |
| Proximal Convoluted Tubule | coiled tube leading from the Bowman's capsule to form the loop of Henli to the distal convoluted tubule to the afferent arteriole to the juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus | contains specialized cells that help to regulate kidney function by releasing an enzyme called renin |
| Renin | enzyme released by the juxtaglomerular apparatus that activates angiotensin |
| Angiotensin | produced by the kidney and acts to raise the blood pressure |
| Functions of the Kidneys | regulate the pH levels of blood and body fluids; excrete metabolic wastes; dispose of excess water and salts |
| Urea | produced by the liver; eliminated by the kidneys; nitrogenic waste product |
| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus | renin; angiotensin; erythropoietin |
| Renin | causes blood vessels to constrict; causes blood pressure to increase |
| Angiotensin | protein activated by renin that raises the blood pressure |
| Erytropoietin | made by the kidney when the kidney is not getting enough oxygen; increases production of red blood cells |
| Formation of Urine | filtration, reabsorption, secretion; glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion |
| Formation of Urine | filtration of blood, reabsorption of electrolytes in the loop of Henli, secretion of urine through calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder |
| Glomerular Filtration | movement of materials under pressure from the blood into the Bowman's capsule callded glomerular filtrate |
| Glomerular Filtrate | fluid and dissolved materials that leave the blood and enter the kidney nephron through the Bowman's capsule |
| Tubular Reabsorption | moves useful materials back to the blood and removes wastes; 160-180L of glomerular filtrate goes through the kidneys on a daily basis |
| Tubular Secretion | potassium moves into the urine; this is how the kidneys are able to regulate fluid balance |
| Transport Maximum | AKA threshold limit; solutes such as sodium and glucose may leave the blood stream and be lost in the urine; when the kidneys become overloaded and are unable to reabsorb these substances; this is what happens with diabetes mellitus; glocosuria |
| Glucosuria | sugar in the urine; occurs when blood sugars are above 180; kidney can no longer keep the urine in the body |
| ADH | antidiuretic hormone; against diuresis (doesn't want to release urine); released by the pituitary gland (in the brain; mastergland); regulates urine production; if it is high, there is going to be less urine formation; if decreased more urine |
| Ureters | enter bladder obliquely to prevent the backflow of urine; at the back of the bladder; transports urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder |
| Urinary Bladder | temporary reservoir for urine; has skin folds (rugae); transitional epithelial tissue; trigone; detrusor muscle |
| Transitional Epithelial Tissue | specialized tissue that allows the bladder to expand and expand and expand |
| Moderately Full Bladder | contains about one pint or 470mL of liquid |
| Trigone | area where the ureters enter and the urethra exits |
| Detrusor Muscle | main muscle of the urinary tract; located as the middle layer of smooth muscle around the bladder; causes stress incontinence |
| Urethra | tube that extends from the bladder to the outside |
| Urinary Meatus | the external opening of the urinary tract; AKA ureteral ______ |
| Urination | AKA micturation (the process of expelling urine |
| Elimination | to empty a hollow organ such as the bladder of waste substances which are temporarily stored; internal and external sphincters |
| Internal and External Sphincters | able to micturate and have a bowel movement because of these; able to control it because of these |
| Urine | 95% water; 5% nitrogenous wastes which are dissolved and eliminated through the urinary system, give urine its yellow color |
| Nitrogenous Wastes | contain creatinine, uric acid, and urea |
| 5% of the Priciple Metabolic Waste Products in Urine | contain nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water |
| Body Fluids | 50-70% of our body weight |
| Maintained by Three Different Processes | body fluids; thirst mechanism, kidney activity, hormones |
| Thirst Mechanism | located in the hypothalamus |
| Kidney Activity | urine formation |
| Hormones | aldosterone, ADH |
| Aldosterone | promotes the reabsorption of sodium in the kidney |
| ADH | antidiuretic hormone; regulates urine production |
| Body Fluids | achieve regulation of pH |
| Fluid Compartments in the Body | intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid |
| Intracellular Fluid | fluid within the cell |
| Extracellular Fluid | fluid outside of the cell |
| Interstitial Fluid | fluid in the tissues |
| Water Balance | average adult takes in about 2500mL of water a day through eating, drinkin, and normal body processes (2.5 qts a day) |
| In a half hour period, the kidneys excrete about 30cc of urine; in a 24 hour period of time, 1.5 qt of urine is excreted (1cc/min.); urge- .5 pint of urine in bladder | (blank) |
| The Three P's of Diabetes | polydypsia, polyuria, polyphasia |
| Polydypsia | excessive thirst,excessive dypsia |
| Polyuria | excessive urination |
| Polyphasia | excessive hunger |
Created by:
Supernurse