neural basis final
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| Which of the following is true regarding the action potential (AP)? | A) The AP is carried along the axon membrane. B) The AP is always of the same amplitude and duration in a given cell. C) The AP is an all-or-none signal. D) The AP is a brief electrical signal.
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| The time that it takes for a single action potential to occur from start to finish is in | milliseconds
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| Match the correct function with the appropriate neuronal organelle. | mitochondria; extraction/production of energy
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| Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells? | A) Provision of nutrition to the brain. B) Removal of physical debris from the brain. C) Physical support of neurons. D) Insulation of a nerve cell from other nerve cells. E) The conduction of action potentials.
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| Which of the following is true of neurons? | neurons have a high metabolic rate.
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| Astrocytes perform which of the following functions? | B) Provision of nourishment to neurons. C) Clean up of debris within the brain.
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| Which of the following is true of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells? | Oligodendrocytes are found within the brain. Schwann cells provide myelin for peripheral nerve cells. A single Schwann cell wraps a single segment of a peripheral nerve cell. A single oligodendrocyte can myelinate multiple segments of an axonal membrane
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| Which of the following was NOT a feature of action potentials? | The movements of chloride ions during the action potential.
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| Movement of the axon membrane potential from -70 mV to -90 mV would be termed a(n) | hyperpolarization
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| At +5 mV (inside relative to outside), the electrical gradient or electrical force acting on sodium is: | toward the outside of the neuron
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| At +5 mv (inside relative to outside), the concentration gradient or force acting on sodium is: | toward the inside of the neuron
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| The force of diffusion would tend to move ________ ions ________ the axon. | sodium; into
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| In a resting neuron, which of the forces listed below will act to push sodium ions into the cell? | A) Concentration gradient. B) Electrical gradient.
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| Which of the following events restores the membrane potential from the peak of the action potential back to the resting level? | potassium ions move out of the cell
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| Ions enter and leave the membrane of a myelinated axon at the | nodes of ranvier
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| In which portion of a neuron would you expect to find the largest number of vesicles? | the axon terminal
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| Which of the following will produce an EPSP? | opening a sodium channel
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| An autoreceptor is located on the ________ and is sensitive to ________. | A) presynaptic membrane; the transmitter released by that neuron
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| Which of the following will neutralize the effect of an EPSP? | opening a chloride channel
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| The process that usually terminates the postsynaptic potentials induced by most neurotransmitters is | B) enzymatic degradation of the transmitter molecule.
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| A drug that inactivates acetylcholinesterase (AChE) would be expected to | A) prolong the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) in the synapse.
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| Which effect is consistently associated with a “second messenger”? | metabotropic
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| If you were interested in viewing the ultrastructure (very fine detail) of neurons, you would use a(n): | electron microscope
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| A Nissl stain is best to view | cell bodies (soma)
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| An experimenter can use the immune system to stain for a specific protein or receptor on single neurons | true
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| One remarkable characteristic of the human brain, in comparison with the brains of other animals, is the great expansion of our _______. | prefrontal cortex
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| Two structures that are on the same side of the body are said to be _____ to each other. | ipsilateral
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| Which of the following would be found outside the CNS? | ganglion
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| Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system increases | A) Salivation. B) Airway constriction. C) Sexual arousal.
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| Early in development, the nervous system begins as | A collection of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity.
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| Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing are all controlled by the | medulla
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| When a primitive neuron, which looks similar to most other cells in the body, begins to develop dendrites and an axon, the process is called _________. | differentiate
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| In what way is “bregma” useful to brain researchers? | It is a landmark on the skull that enables researchers to calculate the position of points in the brain.
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| Proliferation is | the production of new cells
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| Which of the following is NOT part of the hindbrain? | B) Hippocampus C) Basal ganglia
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| A ____ section made perpendicular to the ground and parallel to the neuraxis through a human brain divides the brain into two symmetrical halves. | Sagittal
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| A(n) _____ view of the brain would be useful in visualizing the medial to lateral extent of a brain structure. | A) Coronal B) Horizontal
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| When the brain matures into 5 divisions from an immature 3-division organization, what major brain division(s) does not change in name? | midbrain
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| An injury to the posterior cortex would most likely affect which sensory system? | vision (sight)
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| Injecting an animal with a dose of a chemical molecule that is a precursor for the synthesis of a synaptic neurotransmitter would be expected to | Increase the rate of synthesis and release of that neurotransmitter.
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| Administration of a drug that binds at a postsynaptic site different from that of the neurotransmitter, and prevents the opening of ion channels would be termed a(n) | Indirect antagonist.
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| A drug that blocks a presynaptic autoreceptor | Increases the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal.
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| A shift of the dose-response curve to the right denotes | tolerance
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| A drug that hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane, similar to what occurs at a synapse that usually generates an IPSP is a(n) | agonist
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| Multiple drugs can bind to the same postsynaptic receptor protein | true
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| Which of the following techniques would be used to trace efferent axons from a brain region to other brain regions? | An anterograde labeling method.
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| Single unit recordings | Indicate that neuron activity is silent during specific behavioral tasks.
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| Immunocytochemistry techniques take advantage of the specific affinity of antibodies for | a protein molecule
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| Efferent is to afferent as | PHA-L is to fluorogold
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| Sensory information terminates (neuronal terminals) in the _____ of the spinal cord. | dorsal horn
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| Researchers who wish to determine which neurotransmitters are released during a behavioral activity, and in what amounts, will most likely use: | microdialysis
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| Which area of the brain does not contain part of the reticular formation? | tectum
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| Auditory receptors are located in the | A. Olfactory epithelium B. Ossicles C. Tenacious membrane D. Middle ear E. NONE
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| Which of the following is not true? B.Rods have a greater sensitivity to dim light than cones C.Cones contribute to color vision D.Rods depolarize in the presence of light | Rods depolarize in the presence of light
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| _______ is an example of a(n) ________. | Light; zeitgeber
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| Simple cells in the visual cortex | A. Respond best to bars of light in a particular orientation B. Were first discovered by Hubel and Wiesel C. Have smaller receptive fields than complex cells
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| The utricle and saccule are designed to transduce information about: | A. Long wavelengths B. High frequency sounds C. Sound localization D. Color constancy E. NONE
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| The optic nerve is formed by axons that arise from the _____ retinal cells | ganglion
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| The primary function of the Pacinian corpuscle is to detect | rabid vibration
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| A mutation in which inner hair cells are lost in the cochlea would be expected to result in | A. The inability to detect differences in sound intensity. B. Impairment of hearing. C. A difficulty in locating the source of a sound. D. The inability to detect differences between different musical instruments.
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| Lateral inhibition | a.in the visual system is usually associated with primary visual cortex b.is a way to sharpen contrast c.is created when activity from one cell inhibits activity of a neighboring cell d.helps in the visual detection of borders
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| A high frequency tone would be expected to produce a maximal bending of the ____ nearest the _____. | Basilar membrane; oval window
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| Sudden changes in the rotation of the head are sensed by the | Semicircular canals
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| The cutaneous senses signal information about stimuli that interact with | the external surface of the skin
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| Papillae are found: | A. In slow wave sleep B. Attached to tendons C. Near the ventricles D. In the nose E. NONE
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| Olfactory receptors are located in the | Olfactory epithelium
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| A person whose brain waves contain high-amplitude delta waves is most likely | in stage 3 or 4 sleep
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| All of the following are characteristics of REM sleep EXCEPT | Alternating delta and beta EEG activities.
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| A full day of tourist activities at Disneyland would be expected to | Increase the amount of time spent that night in slow-wave sleep.
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| Damage to the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPA) would be expected to | produce insomnia
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| Activation of adenosine receptors may increase sleep by | Inhibition of neurons that normally inhibit the VLPA.
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| Damage to the rat SCN would be expected to disrupt circadian rhythms related to | A. Timing of sleep cycles. B. Activity levels. C. Drinking. D. Hormone secretion. E. ALL
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| To maintain proper fluid balance, the body contains two sets of receptors, one that measures volume of the _____ and the other records the volume of the ______. | blood; cells
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| Osmoreceptors are specialized neurons that detect | Changes in solute concentration of the interstitital fluid.
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| The key function of instrumental conditioning is to allow an organism to | Adjust behavior according to its consequences.
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| Intense electrical stimulation of axons within the hippocampal formation results in | Long-term potentiation of postsynaptic neurons.
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| Simple perceptual learning involves | Our recognition of particular stimuli or categories of stimuli.
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| Patient H.M. was treated for severe epilepsy by bilateral removal of his | temporal lobes
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| From what we learned in lecture and covered in the book, which fluid compartments are most likely to be regulated within precise limits? | intravascular; intracellular
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| Neurotrophins | A. are transported retrogradely through projecting axons B. mediate competition of presynaptic cells for targets C. pair a sufficient number of projection neurons with a corresponding number of targets D. are secreted from postsynaptic sites
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| Which of the following is true of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)? | A. Most ALS cases are not genetic in origin. B. ALS is a degenerative disease. C. The cause of death in ALS is failure of respiration. D. Spinal cord and cranial motor neurons are destroyed in ALS.
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