Chapter 7
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Nutrition | Process by which chemical substances(nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities
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Nutrient | Any chemical substance that must be provided to a cell for normal metabolism and growth
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Essential Nutrient | A substance that cannot be formed by an organism and must be supplied in the diet
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Macronutrients | Required in large quantities; plays important roles in structure and metabolism; examples-Proteins, carbohydrates
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Micronutrients (trace elements) | Required in small amounts; involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure; examples-Manganese, zinc, nickle
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Organic nutrients | Contains carbon and hydrogen atoms and usually the products of living things; examples-methane CH4, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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inroganic nutrients | atom or molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen; examples-metals and their salts (Magnesium sulfate, ferric nitrate, sodium phosphate), gases (oxygen, Carbon Dioxide), and water
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Heterotroph | Organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form made by other living organisms such as proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids
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Autotroph | Organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source and not nutritionally dependent on other living things
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Growth Factor | An organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided as a nutrient in the diet to facilitate growth
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Photoautotrophs | photosynthetic; organism that uses light for its energy and CO2 for its carbon needs; aka they can make own food in presence of light
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Oxygenic photosynthesis | oxygen producing photosynthesis; uses chlorophyll as its pigment
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Anoxygenic photosynthesis | non oxygen producing photosynthesis; uses unique pigment
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Chemoautotroph (lithoautotrophs) | Organism that relies on inorganic chemicals for its energy and CO2 for its carbon; survive totally on inorganic substances
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Methanogens | a type of chemoautotroph; microbes that produce methane gas under anaerobic conditions
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Chemoheterotrophs | derives both carbon and energy from organic compounds
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Saprobes | Free living microorganisms that feed on organic detritus from dead organisms
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Opportunistic pathogen | saprobe is considered opportunistic when the host is compromised and infection may occur
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Facultative parasite | when a saprobe infects a host
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Parasites | derive nutrients from host; grow in or on the body of a host
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Pathogens | An agent that causes diseases (pathogens and parasites are interchangeable)
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Obligate parasites | Parasites that are dependent because they are unable to grow outside of a living host
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Passive transport | Does not require energy; substances exist in a gradient and move from areas of higher to lower concentration
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Diffusion | Net movement of molecules down their concentration gradient by random thermal motion to achieve a uniform distribution
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Osmosis | Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in direction of lower concentration
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Isotonic | environment equal in solute concentration to cells internal environment
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hypotonic | solute concentration of external environment is lower than cell's internal environment
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hypertonic | higher solute concentration in external environment than its internal environment
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Playmolysis | condition in cells with a wall, water loss causes shrinkage but does not collapse
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Facilitated diffusion | passive movement of substance across from high to low concentration using carrier proteins
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Active transport | requires energy and carrier proteins; gradient independent; from low to high concentration???
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Group Translocation | Type of active transport; Transported molecule is chemically altered
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Bulk transport | Mass transport of large particles, cells, liquids by engulfment and vesicle formation (endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis)
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Niche | Totality of adaptations organisms make to their habitat; OR an organism's biological role in or contribution to its community
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Minimum temperature | (1/3 cardinal temp) lowest temperature that permits a microbe's growth and metabolism
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Maximum temperature | (2/3 cardinal temp) highest temperature that permits a microbe's growth and metabolism
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Optimum temperature | (3/3 cardinal temp) promotes fastest rate of growth and metabolism (temperature between min and max)
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Psychrophiles | microorganisms that have optimum temperature below 15 degrees celsius and is capable of growth at 0 degrees celsium (0-15)
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Mesophiles | microorganisms that have optimum temperature from 20-40 degrees celsius; most human pathogens
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Thermophiles | microorganisms that grow optimally at temperatures greater that 45 degrees celsius
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Aerobe | uses oxygen and can detoxify it (aka a microbe that lives and grows in presence of free oxygen gas)
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Obligate aerobe | cannot grow without oxygen
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facultative anaerobe | uses oxygen but can also grow in its absence
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microaerophile | requires only a small amount of oxygen
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anaerobe | doesn't use oxygen (aka microbes that grow best in absence of oxygen)
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obligate anaerobe | lacks enzymes to detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in oxygen environment
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aerotolerant anaerobe | does not use oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence
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capnophile | grows best at high CO2 concentrations/tensions than normally present in the atmosphere
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alkalinophiles | grows at extreme alkaline pH (8 and 9 ?)
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halophiles | require a high concentration of salt
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osmotolerant | do not require a high concentration of solute/salt but can tolerate it if it occurs
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barophiles | can survive under extreme pressure and will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure
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symbiotic | organisms that live in close partnership
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mutualism | obligatory, dependent, both member benefit
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parasitism | parasite is dependent and benefits, host is harmed
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nonsymbiotic | organisms are free living and relationships are not required for survival
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synergism | members cooperate to produce a result that none of them could do alone (example-biofilm)
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antagonism | a type of competition in which some members are inhibited or destroyed by others (actions of one organism affects the success or survival of others in same community
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antibiosis | production of inhibitory compounds such as antibiotics
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obligate acidophiles | grows at extreme pH (1-7)
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halophiles | require a high concentration of salt
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osmotolerant | do not require a high concentration of solute but can tolerate it if it occurs
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barophiles | can survive under extreme pressure and will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure
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symbiotic | organisms that live in close partnership
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commensalism | commensal member benefits, other member neither harmed nor benefitted
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biofilms | a complex association that arises from microorganisms growing together and interacting on surface of a habitat (results when organisms attach to a substrate/surface by some form of extracellular matrix that binds them together in complex organized layers)
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Quorum sensing | an activity among bacteria in bioflims in which members signal each other and coordinate their function
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generation/doubling time | the time required for a complete fission cycle growth curve
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lag phase | "flat" period of adjustment, enlargement and there is little growth
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exponential growth phase | a period of maximum growth will continue as long as cells have adequate nutrients and favorable environment
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stationary phase | rate of cell growth equals rate of cell death caused by depletion of nutrients and O2, excretion of organic acids and pollutants
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death phase | as limiting factors intensify, cells die exponentially
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Turbidometry | most simple way of analyzing population growth, simple observation of seeing cloudiness (turbidity reflects population size)
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viable colony count | quantitative evaluation of counting bacteria
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direct cell count | count all cells present, automated or manually
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coulter counter | electronically scans a culture and as cells pass through device, electronic detector counts numbers
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flow cytometer | in addition to counting number of cells, it can measure cell size and differentiate between live and dead cells
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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