lymphatic system
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| Lymphatic system has three components: | lymphatic capillaries and vessles,immune cellshymph
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| lymphatic capillaries | closed-ended tubes nestled among blood capillary networks.
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| immune cells | a group of tissues and organs
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| lymph | a clear colorless fluid similar to blood plasma but whoses composition varies from place to place in the body.
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| the lymphatic system has three functions1. absorbs what? | Absorb excess interstitial fluid and return it to the blood stream.
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| the lymphatic system has three functions2. removes what? | remove foreign chemicals, cells, and debris from the tissue
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| the lymphatic system has three functions3. Absorbs what? | absorb dietary lipids from the small intestine
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| lymphatic capillaries converge to form what? | larger lymphatic collecting vessels.
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| Collecting vessels enter into the part of the lymphatic network by | lymph nodes
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| a lymph nodes function is to | filter impurities from the lymph and alert immune system to the presence of pathogens.
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| right lymphatic duct | receives lymph from the right arm, right side of the thorax, right side of the head and drains into the right subclavian vein
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| right lymphatic duct drains into | right subclavian vein
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| thoracic duct | the largest lymphstic vessel, receives lymph from both sides of the body below the diaphragm from the left arm, left side of the head and left thorax
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| thoracic duct empties into | left subclavian vein
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| lymphatic follicles | constant features in lymph odes, the tonsils, and the ileum.
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| T lymphocytes (T cells) | T stands for thymus, where they mature
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| Cytotoxic | killer T cell destory target cells. Their cell m embrane holds a coreceptor that can recognize a specif antigen.
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| CD | cluster domain followed by a number for the cells
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| Helper T cells | contain CD4 coreceptor and are called T4 cells. Begin the defensive response against a specific antigen.
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| Memory T cells | arise from cytotoxic T lymphocytes that have prevously destroyed a foreign cell.
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| Suppressor T cells | suppress activation of the immune system. Failure may result in autoimmune diseases
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| B lymphocytes (B cells) | cells mature in bone marrow
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| B cells activated by helper T cells produce | antibodies
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| immunoglobulins, IG | antibodies
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| activated B cells are called | plasma cells
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| plasma cells | secrete large quantities of antibodies that immobilize, neutralize, and prepare the specfic antigen for destruction.
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| Null cells | are large granular lymphocytes that are natural killer cells but lasck the specific surface markers of the T and B lymphocytes
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| Macrophages develop from monocytes that have igrated from blood. | They ingest and destroy debris, bacteria, and other foreign matter (phagocytosis)
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| Phagocytosis | process of ingestion and destruction
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| spleen | highly vascular and spongy organ, larges lymphatic organ
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| spleen is located where? | left upper quadrant of the abdomen below the diaphragm and lateral to the kidney
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| spleen contains 2 types of tissue | white pulp and red pulp
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| white pulp | a part of the immune system that produces T cells, B cells and macrophages
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| red pulp | acts as a reservior for erthrocyctes, platelets, and macrophages that remove old and defective erythrocytes
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| functions of the spleen | phagocytize bacteria, initiate an immune response, phagocytize old, defective erythrocytes, serve as a reservoir
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| tonsils | 2 masses of lymphatic tissue located ast he entrance to the oropharynx
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| adenoids | single mass of lymphoid tissue in the midline at the back of the throat
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| thymus gland | has both endocrine and lymphatic functions
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| The largest gland is | the spleen
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| cervical nodes are accessible where | the neck
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| the axillary nodes are accessible where | axilla
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| inguinal nodes are accessible where | groin
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| lymphadenitis | infections in the lymph nodes causeing them to be swollen and tendor to touch
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| lymphadenopathy | enlarged lymp nodes
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| lymphadenopathy | lymph nodes have been removed
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| lymphoma | malignant neoplasm of the lymphatic organs
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| hodgkin lymphoma | characterized by the presence of abnormal cancerous B cells called Reed-Sternberg cells
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| Reed-Sternberg cells | large cells with two nuclei resembling the eyes of an owl
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| lymphangiogram | radiographic images of lymph vessels and nodes following injection of contrast material
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| non-Hodgkin lymphomas | occur much more frequently that Hodgkin lymphoma
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| tonsillitis | inflammation of the tonsils and adenoids
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| splenomegaly | enlarged spleen, is not a disease in itself, but result of underlying disorder.
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| hyperspelnism | condition in which the spleen removes blood components at an excessive rate
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| ruptured spleen | common complication from car accidents or other truma when the ebdomen and rib cage are damaged.
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| lymphedema | localized, nonpitting fluid retention caused by a compromised lymphatic system.
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