Neurological Exam
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| 1. To detect changes & feel sensations. 2. To initiate appropriate responses to changes. 3. To organize information for immediate use & store it for future use.These are examples of what? | Primary functions of the nervous system.
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| Brain & spinal cord are located in which system | CNS
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| Cranial nerves and spinal nerves are located in which system? | PNS
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| Which system contains the autonomic nervous system? | PNS
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| What are nerve cells called? | Neurons
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| Name the 3 main parts of a neuron. | Cell body, axon, dendrite
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| These carry impulses away from the cell body. | Axons
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| These carry impulses toward the cell body. | Dendrites
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| Where is the neculeus housed? | The cell body
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| the peripheral nervous system, the myelin sheath is made up of? | Schwann cells
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| In the CNS what makes up the myelin sheath? | Oligodendrocytes
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| In Schwann cells there are structures called neurolemas, where are they located? | Outside of the sheath
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| Synapse do what? | Allow one-way travel of impulses.
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| Schwann cells are present where? | PNS
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| There are cells that form the BBB – (blood brain barrier) – what are the cells that make this up? | Astrocytes
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| Sensory neuron do what? | Transmit impulses from receptors to the CNS
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| Motor neuron reflexes do what? | Transmit impulses from the CNS to the effectors
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| Effectors are reflexes that do what? | performs its characteristic action
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| ___________ transmit impulses from the CNS to the effector. | Motor neurons
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| ______ contains one or more synapses. | CNS
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| What do receptors do? | detect a change (the stimulus) & generate impulses.
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| Define Reflex | involuntary response to a stimulus
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| Spinal cord reflexes are defined as? | Those that do not depend directly on the brain
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| Where are Inter neurons found? | Entirely within the central nervous system
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| Mixed nerves are made up of what? | Both sensory and motor neurons
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| What are nerve tracks? | A group of functioning related neurons within the cns.
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| State the two functions of the spinal cord? | Transmits impulses to and from the brain, and integrates spinal cord reflexes
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| The spinal cord is protected from mechanical injury by what bones? | Vertebrae
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| Where is cerebral spinal fluid formed? | The choroid plexuses from blood plasma.
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| Where is cerebral spinal fluid reabsorbed? | Arachnoid villi
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| In the ascending and descending tracks of the spinal cord, what color is the matter? | White
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| Cell bodies of motor neuron are located in what matter? | Gray
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| Cerebral spinal fluid is found within the _________ of the spinal cord structure. | central canal
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| There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, how many are designated for the cervical area of the spine? | 8
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| There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, how many are designated for the thoracic area of the spine? | 12
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| There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, how many are designated for the lumbar area of the spine? | 5
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| There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, how many are designated for the sacral area of the spine? | 5
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| There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, how many are designated for the coccygeal area of the spine. | 1
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| Each ventricle contains a capillary network called ___________. | Choroid Plexus
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| List the 4 cavities within the brain. | 2 lateral ventricles (one on each side of the brain). 3rd ventricle. 4th ventricle
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| ______ is the Cardiac center of the brain and it job is to regulate heart rate; Vasomotor center regulate the blood vessel diameters (BP); Respiratory center to regulate breathing; Reflex center for coughing, sneezing, swallowing & vomiting. | Medulla
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| What are the 4 cavities of the brain that contain the structures that create CSF? | Ventricles
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| The _________ is located anteriorly from the upper part of the medulla and it's job is to regulate respirations. | Pons
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| The location of the __________ extends from spinal cord to pons & anterior to cerebellum. | Medulla
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| The location of the _____ extends from pons to the hypothalamus & encloses the cerebral aqueducts and maintains balance or equilibrium and regulates visual & auditory reflexes. | Midbrain
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| The location of the__________ is separated from medulla & pons by the 4th ventricle & inferior to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. Responsible for coordination and regulation of muscle tone. | Cerebellum
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| The location of the__________ is superior to the pituitary gland & inferior to the thalamus. It is responsible for hormones, body temp, food intake, integration of ANS function, regulate body rhythms. | Hypothalamus
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| The location of the __________ superior to the hypothalamus & inferior to the cerebrum; 3rd ventricle passes through it. Suppresses unimportant sensations; Groups incoming impulses & integrates them. | Thalamus
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| _____________ is the upper most portion of brain & largest part; responsible for Sensory perception, emotions, willed movement, consciousness & memory. | Cerebrum
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| __________ connects the right and left hemisphere of the brain at the base of the fissure. | Corpus Callosum
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| Gray matter surface of the cerebrum. Under or internal to gray matter is white matter.What is this? | Cerebral cortex
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| What are the groves of cerebrum between gyri called? | Fissures or sulci.
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| Folds of cerebrum are called _________ and they allow for increased number of neurons | Convolutions or gyri
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| Each hemisphere has 4 lobes, what are they called? | Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
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| ______ Lobes generate impulses for voluntary movement; Broca’s motor speech area | Frontal
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| __________ Lobes: Interpret cutaneous sensations Taste area and conscious muscle sense | Parietal
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| ________ Lobes: Olfactory areas for smell and auditory areas for hearing | Temporal
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| _______ Lobes: Visual areas | Occipital
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| The Gray matter of the brain is also known as ________. | Cerebral Cortex
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| The folds of the brain are called________? | Convolutions or gyri
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| Groves of cerebrum between gyri are called _________? | Fissures or sulci
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| In which lobe of the brain is the brochus motor speech area? | Frontal
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| Neurons are electrically insulated by which structure? | Myelin sheath
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| The connective tissue membrane that covers the brain spinal cord is called? | Meninges
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| The outer layer of the connective tissue that covers the brain is called? | Dura Mater
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| The middle layer of the connective tissue that covers the brain is called? | Arachnoid membrane
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| The inner layer of the connective tissue that covers the brain is called? | Pia Mater
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| The formation of cerebral spinal fluid is it continuous process or intermittent process? | Continuous
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| How many pairs of cranial nerves do we have? | 12
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| Making up the autonomic nervous system is visceral motor they go to three structures, what are they? | Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
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| The ANS has two divisions, what are they and when are they dominant? | Sympathetic when stressed, Parasympathetic – when relaxed
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| Sympathetic is one division of the ANS, it responds to __________. | Stress
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| Algophobia – | Fear of pain
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| Hematophobia – | Fear of blood
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| Latrophobia – | Fear of physicians
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| Olfactophobia – | Fear of odor
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| Pathophobia – | Fear of disease
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| Pharmacophobia – | Fear of drugs
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| Sitophobia – | Fear of food
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| Thanatophobia – | Fear of death
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| Ttoxiohobia – | Fear of being poisoned
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| Traumatophobia – | Fear of injury
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| Acetylcholine is a neuro __________. | Transmitter
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| Cholinesterase is a neuro _________. | Inactivator
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| Norepinephrine is a neuro ___________. | Transmitter
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| MAO is a neuro ____________. | Inactivator
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| Paralysis on one side of the body is called? | Hemiparesis
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| Dysphasia is? | Difficulty with speech
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| Dysphasgia is? | Difficulty swallowing
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| Dizziness is also called? | Vertigo
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| Cephalgia | Headache
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| Diplopia | Double vision
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| What is the Glasgow Coma Scale | A neurological assessment
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| Tia (Transient Ischemic Attack) - | Temporary episodes of impaired neurologic function caused by inadequate blood flow to portions of the brain
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| Epideral hematoma - | Collection or mass of blood that forms between the skull & the dura mater
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| Cerebral concussion - | Bruising of the cerebral tissue from a violent back & forth movement of the head (acceleration-deceleration insult). Blunt force trauma
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| Cerbral contusion - | More severe than a concussion bruising of tissues along or just beneath the surface of the brain
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| Paraplegia - | loss of nerve function below the waist & paralysis of the lower trunk & legs
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| Quadriplegia - | loss of nerve function below the cervical region resulting in paralysis of the arms, hands, trunk & legs
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| Peripheral Neuritis / Neuropathy - | Degeneration of a peripheral nerve(s)
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| Spinal stenosis (Sciatic Nerve Injury) - | Trauma, degeneration or rupture of the nucleus puplosus within intervertebral disk L4 through S1. Stenosis – narrowing of spinal canal
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| Parkinson’s - | Slow progressive neurologic disorder with onset of recognizable disturbances “pill rolling” tremor of the thumb & forefinger, muscular rigidity, slowness of movement & postural instability
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| Huntington’s coria - | Hereditary degenerative of the cerebral cortex & basal ganglia – progressive atrophy
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| ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) - | Lou Gehrig disease, progressive, destructive motor neuron disease resulting in muscular atrophy
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| Tic Douloureux (Trigeminal Neuralgia) - | Pain in the area of the 5th cranial nerve
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| Bell Palsey - | 7th cranial nerve disorder causing sudden onset of weakness or paralysis of facial muscles
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| Guillain-Barré - | Acute rapidly progressive disease of the spinal nerves. Patients experience numbness & tingling of feet & hands with increasing muscle pain & tenderness. Ascending paralysis move up the body in 24-72 hours.
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| Meningitis - | Inflammation of the meninges
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| Encephalitis - | inflammation of the brain tissue
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| T/F - Autistic disorder is a syndrome of extreme hyperactivity. | False
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| T/F - Turets disorder multiple motor or one or more motor ticks. | True
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| T/F - Alzheimer’s disease is most frequently cause of dimentia in people over 65. | True
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| T/F - Bipolar disorder patients experience major mood swings from hyperactivity to depressive moments. | True
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| Somatiform disorders are a group of mental disorders in which you first experience physical symptoms with or without an underlyning organic cause? | Without – all in their head
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| T/F - Munchhausen syndrome occurs when a patient stimulates symptoms of illnesses to gain attention. | True
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| T/F - Sleep apnea is when a patient experiences periods of difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep . | False
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| List 5 distinctive personality disorders. | Schizoid, Histrionic, Narcissistic, Antisocial Paranoid
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