Urea Cycle and NO synthesis
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| What carbon sources can be broken down for energy? | Carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids
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| What are the sources for amino acids for energy generation in the body? | Dietary protein
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| What organs don't use amino acids for energy? | Brain and the Red blood cells
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| What two amino acids specifically breakdown to form Acetyl-CoA? | Lysine and Leucine
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| What three amino acids can be used in the liver to make glucose? | Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate
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| What are two fates of an alpha keto acid? | Kreb's cycle or gluconeogenesis
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| What enzyme transfers the amine from amino acids in the muscle to pyruvate? What are the products? Co-factor? | Pyruvate + Glutamate --> Alanine and A-ketoglutarate; Alanine aminotransferase; PLP
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| How does alanine get to the liver? | Travels in the blood
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| What is Alanine the amino acid that travels in the blood? | Alanine is a stable molecule. Free ammonia is too toxic and other amino acids are more reactive
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| What amino acid releases ammonia in the muscle? | Glutamate
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| What does ALT stand for? | Alanine aminotransferase
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| What reaction does ALT catalyze? | The transamination from alanine to glutamate
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| Why is alanine converted to glutamate in the liver? | Glutamate carries the free amine which is later released to the urea cycle
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| What are two fates for glutamate in the liver? | It can enter the citric acid cycle through alpha keto glutarate or it can do transamination with OAA to form Aspartate which enters the urea cycle
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| What are two types of amines that enter into the urea cycle? | The amine from aspartate and the amine from glutamate
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| What is the carbon backbone that free ammonia attaches to? | Bicarbonate- HCO3
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| What is the first molecule that enters the urea cycle? Why does it take 2 ATPs to form this product? | Carbomoyl phosphate; it takes 1 ATP to do the reaction and 1 ATP to phosphorylate it
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| Where does the amine from aspartate enter the urea cycle? | After the citrulline intermediate
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| What carbon skeleton is released by the urea cycle and enters the citric acid cycle? | Fumarate
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| What amino acid is synthesized in the urea cycle? | Arginine
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| Where do the two amines and the carbonyl of urea originate from? | the two amines come from aspartate and glutamate; the carbonyl comes from bicarbonate
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| What are the substrates, source of oxygen and products of NO synthesis? | Substrate(arginine and NADPH)Products(NADP+, Citrulline, and NO)
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| What second messenger is increased in the presence of NO? | cGMP
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| What affect does cGMP have on blood vessels? | Relaxes smooth muscles and increases vasodilation
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| What enzyme cleaves cGMP to form 5' GMP? | cGMP phosphodiesterase
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| What happens to the NO formed in the endothelial cell? | It leaves the endothelial cell and enters the smooth muscle to affect guanylyl cyclase
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| What reaction does guanylyl cyclase catalyze? | GTP to cGMP
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| What does viagra do? | Inhibits the penile form of PDE so cGMP levels stay high
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