Musculoskeletal System
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| chemical secreted by nerve endings that activates neurons or muscle cells. | acetylcholine
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| congenital disturbance of endochondral bone formation that causes a type of dwarfism | achondroplasia
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| dense peripheral ring of fibrocartilage making up the intervetebral disk | annulus fibrosus
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| bone necrosis caused by interruption of its blood supply | avascular necrosis
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| formation of bone as, 1st, cartilage model that is then reabsorbed & converted into hone | endochondral bone formation
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| abnormal lateral curvature of spine | scoliosis
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| fibrocartilaginous joint between adjacent vertebral bodies | intervertebral disk
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| direct formation of bone osteoblasts without prior formation of a cartilage model | intramembranous bone formation
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| neoplastic proliferation of leukocytes | leukemia
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| malignant neoplasm of plasma cells | multiple melanoma
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| autoimmune, characterized by abnormal fatigability of muscle & caused by autoantibody damages acetylcholine receptors at myoneural junction | myasthenia gravis
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| procedure for visualizing encounter of dural sac surrounding spinal cord & nerve roots by injection of radiopaque material into dural sac | myelogram
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| soft elastic center of intervetebral disk | nucleus pulposus
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| degeneration of major weight-bearing joint | osteoarthritis
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| congenital disturbance of bone formation characterized by excessively tin/delicate bones that are easily broken | osteogenesis imperfecta
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| impaired calcification of bone in adult caused by vitamin D deficiency which also contributes to bone loss caused by osteoporosis | osteomalacia
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| inflammation of bone | osteomyleitis
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| generalized thinning & demineralization of bone tending to occur in postmenopausal women | osteoporosis
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| tough, fibrous membrane that covers a bone, except for its articular surfaces | periosteum
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| metabolic disease caused by overproduction of uric acid, reduced excretion of uric acid, or combination | primary gout
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| systemic disease primarily affecting synovium w/major effects in joints | rheumatoid arthritis
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| impaired calcification of bone in growing child, caused by vitamin D deficiency leading to bowing of leg bones when weight bearing is attempted | rickets
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| elevated uric acid & clinical manifestations of gout & not caused by metabolic disease, primary gout, but instead by some other disease that raised blood uric acid excessively | secondary gout
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| cytokine that can destroy foreign/abnormal cells | tumor necrosis factor
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| achondroplasia, malformation of fingers and toes, congenital clubfoot, and occurs with equal frequency in both men and women are common congenital abnormalities of | the skeletal system
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| most of the skeletal system is formed through | intramembranous bone formation
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| gout, osteoarthritis, & rheumatoid arthritis are all common types of | arthritis
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| gout most commonly affects | middle-aged males
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| presence of the __ __ is thought to indicate a predisposition towards rheumatoid arthritis | antigen HLA-DR4
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| Osteoarthritis may be considered as a normal part of | the aging process
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| joints, kidneys, & urinary tract are the organs and systems affected by | gout
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| osteomyelitis can lead to ___ of the infected bone | necrosis
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| tumors that begin in other organs are very __ to metastasize to the bone | likely
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| osteoporosis is most likely to occur in | postmenopausal women
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| parathyroid hormone-like drugs, calcitonin, selective estrogen receptor modulators, bisphosphonate drugs are able to offset the effects of osteoporosis by | restoring bone density
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| most commonly occur in the lumbosacral region. | disc protrusions
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| results from a genetic mutation that is linked to the maternal X chromosome | muscular dystrophy
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| results from an autoimmune disorder which can also result in a tumor or benign hyperplasia of | thymus
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| outer layer of compact bone | cortex
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| inner spongy layer arranged in a loose meshed lattice of thin strands | trabeculae
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| spaces between trabeculae consist of fat and blood-forming tissue | bone marrow
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| specialized type of connective tissue | bones
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| composed of a dense connective tissue framework impregnated with | calcium phosphate salts
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| strength and thickness of bones depend on | activity
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| mesoderm transformed into osteoblasts that are converted into bone | intramembranous
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| cartilage model converted into bone | endochonral
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| malformation of fingers and toes, extra digits or polydactyly, born w/multiple fractures, thin and delicate bones easily broken | osteogenesis imperfecta
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| talipes equinavarus is the most common type of | congenital clubfoot
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| shallow acetabulum causes femoral head to be displaced out of socket | congenital dislocation of the hip
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| autoantibody in blood and synovial tissues; produced by B lymphocytes directed against individual’s own gamma globulin | rheumatoid factor
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| an insoluble end-product of purine metabolism | uric acid
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| may form within kidney and lower urinary tract | uric acid stones
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| urate deposits plug tubules and damage kidneys | urate nephropathy
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| bone broken in only two pieces | simple fracture
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| bone shattered into many pieces | comminuted fracture
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| fracture through a diseased area in the bone | pathologic fracture
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| plaster cast | closed reduction
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| internal fixation | open reduction
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| bacteria carried to bone from an infection in body; occurs at ends of bones; mostly in children; in adults: infection may spread into joints | hematogenous
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| hematogenous can lead to spread of infection may strip periosteum from cortex and | devitalize bone
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| in osteomyelitis organisms gain access to bone via | direct implantation of bacteria
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| usually metastatic tumors from prostate, breasts, other organs | tumors of the bone
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| plasma cell neoplasm | multiple myeloma
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| malignant tumor of cartilage | chondrosarcoma
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| malignant tumor of bone-forming cells | osteosarcoma
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| primary malignant bone tumors are | unusual
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| benign cysts and tumors of the bone are encountered | occasionally
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| generalized thinning and demineralization of entire skeletal system | osteoporosis
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| osteoporosis means | porous bones
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| osteoporosis is most common in postmenopausal women because the loss of estrogen accelerates rate of | bone reabsorption
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| treatments for osteoporosis include | high calcium diet & estrogen
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| interference in blood supply to the epiphysis of bones | avascular necrosis
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| at the ends of bone avascular necrosis results in | necrosis and degeneration
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| the disturbance in blood supply, seen in avascular necrosis, is usually from | injury
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| femoral head, tibial tubercle, articular surface of femoral condyle are | common sites for avascular necrosis
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| series of vertebrae joined by intervertebral disks and fibrous ligaments; forms central axis of the body | spine
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| fibrocartilaginous cushions interposed between adjacent vertebral bodies; function as shock absorbers | disks of the spine
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| cervical, lumbar, thoracic & sacral are all | curves of vertebral column
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| cervical and lumbar curves arch | forward
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| thoracic and sacral curves arch | backwards
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| intervertebral disks undergo progressive wear-and-tear degeneration of both nucleus and annulus | intervertebral disk disease
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| in intervertebral disk disease the nucleus pulposus may be extruded through a tear in | the annulus fibrosus
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| intervertebral disk disease manifests in a sudden onset of back pain that | radiates down the leg
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| intervertebral disk disease is diagnosed used | CT scan or myelogram
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| treatment for intervertebral disk disease is | surgery
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| idiopathic means | cause of condition is unknown
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| in scoliosis the asymmetry of the trunk in due to | spinal curvatures
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| in scoliosis the asymmetry causes one shoulder higher than other & pelvis is tilted so that one __ __ is higher than the other | iliac crest
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| some degree of __ __ __ accompanies scoliosis curvatures | rotation of vertebrae
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| in scoliosis, the rotation of vertebrae may lead to __ __ __ that attach to thoracic vertebrae | asymmetry of ribs
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| a hump-like deformity found in scoliosis is due to | posterior protrusion of ribs on one side of thorax
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| to treat scoliosis in a growing teenager, doctors would use a __ __ to help maintain normal position of spine | spinal brace
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| marked scoliosis may require __ treatment | surgical
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| for patient's with scoliosis, there are various surgical procedures that are used to | stabilize and correct spinal curvatures
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| area of communication between nerve and muscle | myoneural junction
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| when skeletal muscles contract ___ slide together | myofilaments
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| nerve stimulation releases acetylcholine that interacts with receptors on surface of muscle fibers and | initiates muscle contraction
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| this depends on an intact nerve supply, normal transmission of impulses across myoneural junction, & normal metabolic processes within the muscle | normal structure and functional integrity
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| skeletal muscle inflammation | myositis
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| localized myositis in caused from | injury or overexertion
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| due to a systemic disease or widespread degeneration & inflammation of skeletal muscle | generalized myositis
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| widespread degeneration & inflammation of skeletal muscle | polymositis
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| type of polymyositis associated with swelling and inflammation of skin | dermatomyositis
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| group of relatively rare diseases characterized by progressive atrophy or degeneration of skeletal muscle are classified in 2 large categories of | muscular atrophy and muscular dystrophy
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| progressive degeneration of motor nerve cells in cerebral cortex, brain stem & spinal cord that are secondary muscular weakness & atrophy | progressive muscular atrophy
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| degeneration of motor nerve cells in cerebral cortex, brain stem & spinal cord | degenerative disease of motor neurons
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| related to location of degenerating nerve cells w/in CNS & rate at which neuronal degeneration progresses | clinical manifestations of progressive muscular atrophy
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| in muscular dystrophy the nerve supply to muscles is | unaffected
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| abnormality in muscle fibers that causes them to degenerate | muscular dystrophy group of diseases
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| dystrophin is absent in muscle fibers; primarily affecting lower extrem., trunk, hips, & shoulder girdle; appears 1st in early childhood; most common/severe form of muscular dystrophy is called | Duchenne
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| dystrophin produced but either abnormal/produced in insufficient amounts; milder form of muscular dystrophy is called | Becker
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| result from mutation of large gene on X chromosome, & transmitted as X-linked trait to mail children of women who carry defective gene | Becker & Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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| muscle protein, located on inner surface of sarcolemma, maintains structure/function of muscle fibers | dystrophin
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| in both Becker & Duchenne muscular dystrophy, __ __ __ __ leaks from abnormal muscle fibers & high levels can be detected in blood | muscle enzyme creativity kinase (CK)
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| drugs that prolong action of acetylcholine is | treatment for myasthenia gravis
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| rheumatoid arthritis causes | chronic synovitis
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| ingrowth of inflammatory tissue over cartilage destroying it, leading to destruction of joints; deformities common | secondary effects of rheumatoid arthritis
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| joints usually affected by rheumatoid arthritis | small joints of hands & feet
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| special feature of rheumatoid arthritis is | the rheumatoid factor
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| age & sex of patient usually affected by osteoarthritis | adult, or older persons of both sexes
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| major characteristic of osteoarthritis is | "wear & tear" degeneration of articular cartilage
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| secondary effects of osteoarthritis | overgrowth of bone & thickening of periarticular soft tissues
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| special features of osteoarthritis | no systemic symptoms or biochemical abnormalities
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| disturbance of purine metabolism; acute episodes caused by crystals of uric acid in joints | major characteristics of gout
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| gouty arthritis & soft tissue tophi are | secondary effect of gout
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| deposits of uric acid in joint w/damage to joints | gouty arthritis
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| small joints & joint at base of great toe | joints usually affected by gout
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| special feature of gout | high blood level of uric acid
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