Endocrine Glands
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| condition resulting from excessive secretion of growth hormone in the adult | acromegaly
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| disease caused by chronic adrenal cortical hypofunction, leading to atrophy/destruction of both adrenal glands | Addison disease
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| hormone secretes by anterior pituitary lobe, stimulating adrenal cortex manufacturing & secreting of adrenal cortical hormones | adrenocorticotrophic hormone
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| clinical disorder of adrenal function characterized by overproduction of adrenal sex hormones | adrenogenital syndrome
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| steroid hormone produced by adrenal cortex that regulates rate of sodium absorption from renal tubules | aldosterone
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| absence of menses | amenorrhea
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| posterior lobe pituitary hormone regulating urine concentration by altering permeability of renal collecting tubules | antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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| cell containing numerous variable-sized granules that stain intensely purple w/basic dyes | basophil
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| hormone that lowers calcium; produced by interfollicular cells of thyroid gland | calcitonin
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| adrenal medullary hormones epinephrine & norepinephrine | catecholamines
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| anterior lobe pituitary epithelial cells containing sparse poorly stained granules | chromophobe cells
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| autoimmune disease in which autoantibody directed against thyroid epithelial cells causes progressive destruction of thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism | chronic thyroiditis
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| chronic thyroiditis is also known as | Hashimoto
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| eosinophilic material present within thyroid follicles | colloid
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| major glucocorticoid | cortisol
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| hypothyroidism in an infant | cretinism
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| condition resulting from failure of posterior lobe to secrete ADH | diabetes insipidus
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| chemical mediator released by hypothalamic neurons | dopamine
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| drug that combines w/cell dopamine receptors & causes same cell response the would be produced by dopamine | dopamine agonist
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| an example of a dopamine agonist would be | bromocriptine
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| bromocriptine is a dopamine agonist that inhibits | prolactin secretion
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| cell whose cytoplasm is filled w/large, uniform granules that stain intensely red w/acid dyes | eosinophil
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| one of the catecholamines secretes by adrenal medulla | epinephrine
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| named for protrusion of eyes seen in many patient's with this disease. another name for Graves disease | exophthalmic goiter
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| autoimmune thyroid disease in which autoantibodies resembling thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulate excessive output of thyroid hormone, causing hyperthyroidism | Graves disease
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| 1 of gonoadotropic hormones secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary, which regulates growth & function of gonads | follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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| secretion of milk by breast not associated w/pregnancy/normal lactation | galactorrhea
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| adrenal cortical hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism | glucocorticoid
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| enlargement of thyroid gland | goiter
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| anterior lobe pituitary hormone that stimulates growth of bone & other body tissues | growth hormone
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| portion of brain stem that forms floor of 3rd ventricle; contains clusters of nerve cells that regulate various body functions | hypothalamus
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| 1 of gonadotropic hormones secretes by anterior lobe of pituitary; regulates growth & function of gonads | luteinizing hormone (LH)
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| hormone produced by pituitary; causes darkening of skin | melanin-stimulating hormone (MSH)
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| adrenal cortical hormone that regulates salt & water metabolism | mineralocorticoid
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| hypothyroidism in adult | myxedema
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| 1 of the catecholamines secretes by adrenal medulla | norepinephrine
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| hormone stored in posterior lobe of pituitary that causes uterine contraction during labor & ejection of milk from breast lobules into larger ducts | oxytocin
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| failure of secretion of all anterior lobe pituitary hormones | panhypopituitarism
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| catecholamine-secreting tumor of adrenal medulla | pheochromocytoma
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| hormone produced by anterior lobe of pituitary that stimulates milk secretion | prolactin
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| hypothalamic hormone that suppresses release of prolactin from anterior lobe of pituitary | prolactin inhibitory factor (PIF)
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| spasm of skeletal muscles caused by subnormal level of ionized calcium in blood | tetany
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| protein within colloid of thyroid follicles to which thyroid hormone is attached | thyroglobulin
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| hormone secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary; regulated thyroid function | thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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| secrete hormones directly into the blood | endocrine glands
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| characterized by an increased production of hormones, or hypersecretion | dysfunctional endocrine gland
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| this gland secretes nine hormones | the pituitary gland
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| prolactin is a pituitary hormone that is regulated through | an inhibitory factor
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| thyroid gland, adrenal glands, & gonads are all affected by | panhypopituitarism
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| leads to a deceleration of all bodily functions | hyperthyroidism
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| rapid, pulse, weight loss, tremors & irritability are all symptoms of | a toxic goiter
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| Exposure of the head and neck to high levels of radiation can result in | well-differentiated tumors
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| iodine deficiency, enzyme deficiencies, & increased hormone requirements are major factors leading to development of a | toxic goiter
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| Myxedema is accompanied by a decreased level of | TSH
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| blood glucose levels, sodium, potassium, & increased pigmentation are all | affected by Addison's disease
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| can cause precocious puberty and masculine development in females | Adrenogenital Syndrome
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| decreased calcium in the bones, usually secondary to an adenoma, hypercalcemia, & fragile bones all accompany | hyperparathyroidism
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| pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex & medulla, pancreatic islets, & ovaries/testes are the | major endocrine glands
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| controls amount of hormone synthesized and released by an endocrine gland | level of hormone in circulation
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| endocrine gland disorders consist of | hypersecretion or hyposecretion
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| degree of dysfunction & the age/sex of affected individual are the factors considered when determining | clinical effects of disturbance of endocrine gland function
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| due to the thyroid gland affecting growth & development as well as metabolic processes disturbed function will produce different clinical pictures in | an adult & a child
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| masculinization of the female/feminization of the male | virilism
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| contains an anterior lobe, intermediate lobe (rudimentary structure), & posterior lobe; suspended by stalk from hypothalamus at base of brain | pituitary
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| hormones secrete by the pituitary gland & influences the activity of other endocrine glands | tropic hormones
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| composed of cords of epithelial cells containing hormones that are synthesized & stored within | anterior lobe of pituitary
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| supplies blood to anterior lobe of pituitary through veins connecting capillaries of median eminence of hypothalamus w/those of anterior lobe | pituitary portal system
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| release of hormones stored in pituitary's anterior lobe is regulated by hormonal substances called | releasing hormones (or releasing factors)
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| releasing hormones are synthesized in | the hypothalamus
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| releasing hormones are carried to cells of pituitary's anterior lobe in the blood flow through | the portal system
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| hormone response of target gland reflects net effect of interaction between releasing/inhibiting hormones | hypothalamic hormones that inhibit
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| consists of meshwork of nerve fibers intermixed w/modified neuroglial cells; connected through bundles of nerve fibers through pituitary stalk | pituitary posterior lobe
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| hormones in the posterior lobe are synthesized within the hypothalamus, then transmitted down ___ ___ in pituitary stalk to posterior lobe for storage | nerve axons
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| stored posterior lobe hormones are released in response to ___ ___ transmitted from hypothalamus down pituitary stalk | nerve impulses
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| controls release of hormones from both anterior/posterior pituitary lobes | the hypothalamus
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| to some extent influences by emotional stimuli (i.e. anxiety, rage, & fear) | pituitary secretions
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| pituitary secretions are also influenced by ___ ___ that enter nervous system & are in turn relayed to the hypothalamus | sensory impulses
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| tropic hormones are regulated by the level of hormone produced by | the target gland
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| tropic hormones have a ___ ___ that maintains uniform hormone output | self-regulating mechanism
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| secretion of the tropic hormone prolactin is controlled by the | prolactin inhibitory factor
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| TSH stimulates the release of ___ & thyroid hormones | prolactin
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| somatropin is another name for | growth hormone
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| growth hormone stimulates the liver to produce somatomedin, exerting its __ effects on tissues indirectly | growth-promoting
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| any of several endogenous peptides produced especially in the liver that are dependent on and probably mediate growth hormone activity | somatomedin
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| growth hormone, prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, & LH are all | anterior lobe hormones
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| ADH & oxytocin are all | posterior lobe hormones
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| ADH causes more | concentrated urine
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| deficiency of growth hormone & stunts growth and development | pituitary dwarfism
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| failure of kidney to respond to ADH | nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
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| unable to absorb H2O, excretion of large volume of very dilute urine, & caused by injury,tumor, or other disease of posterior lobe | characteristics of diabetes insipidus
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| if the posterior lobe is the cause of diabetes insipidus, treatment consists of | supplying ADH
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| if the kidneys are the cause of diabetes insipidus, treatment consists of | drugs to make kidneys more responsive to ADH
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| hormone-secreting tumor in an endocrine gland | functional tumors
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| generally each type of functional tumor produces a | characteristic clinical syndrome
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| tumor that is in an endocrine gland but does not secrete hormones | nonfunctional tumors
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| although no hormones are produced a nonfunctional pituitary tumor may cause problems because its is located close to the | optic chiasm, optic nerves, & other vital structures at base of brain
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| may erode pituitary fossa, encroach on optic chiasm, & disrupt hormone-producing functions of adjacent normal anterior lobe cells by compression from enlargement of tumor are all | effects of enlarging nonfunctional pituitary tumor
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| resection of pituitary tumor via endoscopy through the nasal cavity & sphenoid sinus | transsphenoidal resection
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| determined by type, hormones produced, & size | treatment of pituitary tumor
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| the usual treatment of a pituitary tumor is | surgical removal
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| after removing a pituitary tumor surgically some patients may also required | radiation treatment
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| overproduction of growth hormone; causes giantism in children, acromegaly in adults, & may cause visual disturbances | pituitary adenoma
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| spontaneous secretion of milk from breasts & cessation of menstrual periods, in a non-pregnant woman, due to excess secretion of prolactin | amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome
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| an important cause of amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome | prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma
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| very small tumor | microadenoma
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| causes few symptoms other that those related to excessive prolactin production | prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma
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| larger prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas can cause ___ of pituitary fossa & visual disturbances | enlargement
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| prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas can be | surgically excised
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| prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenomas can often be inhibited by | a dopamine agonist drug
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| presence of an abnormally high concentration of prolactin in the blood | hyperprolactinaemia
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| estrogen, antihypertensive drugs, & phenothiazine drugs & antidepressants can raise prolactin levels resulting in | amenorrhea or galactorrhea
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| 2 lateral lobes connected by isthmus; located in neck overlying upper trachea & regulated by pituitary TSH | thyroid gland
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| located on posterior surface of thyroid are four | parathyroid glands
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| thyroid gland is composed of __ __ that produce and store hormones | thyroid follicles
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| hormone production of the thyroid gland is regulated by | thyroid stimulating hormone, or (TSH)
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| triiodothyronine (T3) & thyroxin (T4) is synthesized by the | follicular cells of thyroid
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| regulate body's metabolic processes & are required for normal development of nervous system | T3 & T4
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| general term referring to the 2 metabolic hormones T3&T4 | thyroid hormone
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| the numbers attached to T3 & T4 indicate the number of ___ atoms attached to the molecule | iodine
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| majority of thyroid hormone is attached to thyroid-binding globulin and is biologically | inactive
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| the small amount of thyroid hormone that circulates unattached, is the ___ ___ form | physiologically active
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| rapid pulse, increased metabolism, hyperactive reflexes, emotional lability, GI effect: diarrhea, & warm/moist skin are all symptoms/signs of | hyperthyroidism
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| slow pulse, decreased metabolism, sluggish reflexes, placid/phlegmatic, GI effect: constipation, cold/dry skin | hypothyroidism
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| uniformly enlarged thyroid gland | diffuse goiter
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| multiple nodules of proliferating thyroid tissue | nodular goiter
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| enlarged thyroid that produces excessive amount of hormone & causes symptoms of hyperthyroidism | toxic goiter
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| enlarged thyroid that does not produce excessive amount of hormone | nontoxic goiter
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| inadequate secretion of thyroid hormone is the basic cause for | nodular & diffuse goiter
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| when there is an iodine deficiency, enlargement of the thyroid is in response to TSH stimulation in an attempt to __ __ from the blood to make enough hormone | extract iodine
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| in Graves disease an antithyroid antibody stimulates thyroid, mimics TSH function, and is not subject TSH | control mechanisms
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| drugs that block synthesis of hormone by the hyperactive gland | antithyroid drugs
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| surgical excision to remove hyperactive thyroid will reduce | source of the hormone
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| irradiation destroys part of the gland & reduces its hormone output | radioactive iodine
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| myxedema received its name due to localized accumulations of __ material in the skin | mucinous
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| individuals have low levels of circulating thyroid hormone & high levels of TSH trying to ___ the thyroid gland to increase hormone output | stimulate
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| treated by supplying the deficient hormone, which results in clinical improvement | hypothyroidism
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| hypothyroidism in a newborn infant is called | congenital hypothyroidism
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| congenital hypothyroidism can be caused by failure of gland to develop or from genetically determined __ __ __ necessary for thyroid hormone synthesis | deficiency of enzymes
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| if congenital hypothyroidism is not detected the infant will remain | permanently stunted in growth & mentally retarded
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| congenital hypothyroidism is called | cretinism
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| antithyroid antibodies & activates T lymphocytes are directed against thyroid antigens, attacking & destroying the thyroid | Hashimoto thyroiditis
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| Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in adults, & occurs predominantly in | middle-aged women
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| one of the autoantibodies in Hashimoto thyroiditis is directed against TSH receptors on thyroid cells, which | prevents TSH from attaching to thyroid cells to stimulate it
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| autoantibodies destroy TSH receptors in | Hashimoto thyroiditis
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| autoantibody stimulates TSH receptors in | Graves disease
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| thyroid usually enlarged by diffuse infiltration of activated T lymphocytes & plasma cells destroying the thyroid gland | chronic thyroiditis
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| Hashimoto thyroiditis does not have a | specific treatment available
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| physicians are guided by the level of thyroid hormone in blood & level of TSH when determining | how much thyroid hormone to prescribe
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| well-circumscribed tumors composed of mature follicles that often contain large amounts of colloid | thyroid adenomas
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| well-differentiated, undifferentiated, & medullary are the three type of | thyroid carcinoma
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| usually occurs in your adults & very low-grade malignancy | well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma
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| most common, tumor composed of well-differentiated papillary processes covered by well-differentiated thyroid epithelial cells | papillary carcinoma
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| less common, tumor cells form colloid-filled follicles which resemble normal thyroid tissue | follicular carcinoma
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| surgical resection of thyroid gland | thyroidectomy
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| develops in older persons, composed of rapidly growing bizarre tumor cells, & has poor prognosis | undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma
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| uncommon, derived from calcitonin-secreting parafollicular cells of thyroid, & characteristic histologic pattern | medullary thyroid carcinoma
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| measurement of calcitonin levels in blood has been used as a __ __ for medullary thyroid carcinoma because tumor cells often secrete calcitonin | diagnostic test
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| lowers blood calcium | calcitonin
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| increases incidence of benign and malignant thyroid tumors after latent period of 5-10 years | radiation
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| most thyroid tumors are well-differentiated and easily | treated
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| blood calcium level is in ___ with calcium in the bone | equilibrium
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| 1/2 blood calcium is present as __ __ and is the active form | calcium ions (Ca2+)
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| 1/2 blood calcium is bound to __ and is biologically inactive | proteins
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| required for normal cardiac/skeletal muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, & coagulation of blood | adequate concentration of ionized calcium
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| caused increased excitability of nerve & muscle cells, leading to tetany | subnormal level of ionized calcium
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| diminishes neuromuscular excitability & leads to generalized muscular weakness | high level of ionized calcium
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| regulates level of ionized calcium in blood by regulating release of calcium from bone, absorption from intestines, & rate of excretion by kidneys | parathyroid glands
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| regulated by level of ionized calcium in blood rather than by tropic hormone from pituitary | secretion of parathyroid hormones
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| if ionized calcium levels rise, parathyroid hormone secretion | declines
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| if ionized calcium levels decrease, parathyroid hormone secretion | increases
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| any abnormality in parathyroid hormone secretion will eventually alter amount of | calcium deposited in bones
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| hyperparathyroidism can lead to __ __ from excessive calcium excreted in urine | renal calculi
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| hyperparathyroidism can occasionally lead to calcium precipitating out of the blood & become deposited in | kidneys, lungs, & other tissues
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| treatment for hyperparathyroidism | removal of tumor through surgical excision
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| accidental removal of parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery can lead to | hypoparathyroidism
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| blood calcium falls abruptly causing neuromuscular excitability and tetany | effects of hypoparathyroidism
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| high-calcium diet & supplementary vitamin D are treatments to | raise calcium levels in hypoparathyroidism
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| glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, & sex hormones are the three classes of | steroid hormones secreted by adrenal cortex
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| secreted in response to stimulation by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) & feedback mechanism controlled by same negative feedback mech. as thyroid | glucocorticoids
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| major glucocorticoid | cortisol
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| regulate electrolyte/water balance; promote absorption sodium/water & excretion of potassium by renal tubules | mineralocorticoids
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| major mineralocorticoid & regulated by more than one mechanism | aldosterone
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| most potent stimulus for aldosterone secretion | renin-angiotensin system
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| adrenal cortex produces weak ___ steroid hormones in response to ACTH stimulation, further metabolized according to individual's sex | androgenic (testosterone-like)
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| in most cases Addison's disease results from an ___ ___ in which destructive autoantibodies directed against adrenal cortical cells & cytotoxic lymphocytes destroy cortex | autoimmune disorder
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| less common, destruction caused by tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, or metastatic carcinoma involving both | adrenal glands
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| caused by secretion of ACTH along with MSH, which produced from same precursor molecule giving rise to ATCH | increased pigmentation with Addison's disease
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| can lead to high sodium/blood volume/blood pressure, low potassium level leading to neuromuscular manifestations | over production of aldosterone
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| congenital adrenal hyperplasia & sex-hormone-producing tumors are an effect of | overproduction of adrenal sex hormones
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| produced by chromaffin cells & stored within; released in response to nerve impulses transmitted to medulla by sympathetic nervous system | catecholamines
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| benign tumor of adrenal medulla, arises from chromaffin cells; secretes large amounts of catecholamines & severely effects heart/vascular system | pheochromocytoma
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| due to severe hypertension pheochromocytoma can lead to | cerebral hemorrhage
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| mineralocorticoid deficiency from Addison's disease leads to | low blood volume & pressure
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| treatment for Addison's disease is | administration of corticosteroids
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| disturbed carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism | glucocorticoid excess
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| high blood volume and high blood pressure | mineralocorticoid excess
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| glucocorticoid & mineralocorticoid excess are effects of | Cushing disease
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| hormone-producing pituitary microadenoma/adrenal cortex adenoma, hyperplastic adrenal glands, administration large amount of corticosteroids, other tumors are all causes of | cushing disease
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| overproduction of aldosterone is usually due to | aldosterone-secreting adenoma
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| pancreatic tissue that functions as an endocrine gland | pancreatic islets
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| cells responsible for insulin production | Beta cells
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| cell responsible for glucagon | Alpha cells
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| cells responsible for somatostatin | delta cells
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| hormones secreted by non-endocrine tumors that are identical with or mimic action of true hormones | ectopic hormones
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| ectopic hormones originate from | malignant tumors
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| any event that disturbs homeostasis | stress
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| injury, surgery, prolonged exposure to cold, vigorous exercise, pain, or strong emotional stimulus such as anxiety or fear cause | stress to endocrine system
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| fear-fight-flight reaction which is mediated by sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla | acute response to stress
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| alters metabolism, taxes CV system, impairs inflammatory and immune responses | chronic response to stress
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| chronic response to stress involves | adrenal cortex
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| chronic response to stress predisposes to | illness
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| occurs when caloric intake > requirements | obesity
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| obesity is usually NOT result of | endocrine or metabolic disturbance
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| cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, musculoskeletal problems & impaired pulmonary function are all | health consequences of obesity
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