Chapter 6, 9, & 10
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| Public Opinion | What the public thinks about a particular issue @ a PARTICULAR TIME. Opinion change over time AND they tend to be measured by opinion polls.
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| Polls | interviews/surveys of a SAMPLE of citizens used to estimate how the public feels about an issue or set of issues.
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| Sample | a SUBSET of a population (part).
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| Concensus Opinion | When there is general agreement on an issue.
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| Divisive Opinion | When opinions are sharply divided.
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| Socialization | how an individual acquires his/her set of values/beliefs. Occurs over a long period of time. Generalization effect. Gender effect. Lifestyle effect.
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| Generational Effect | based on generations.
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| Gender Effect | differences b/w men and women (on several issues).
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| Lifestyle Effects | affects how someone thinks over a long time (religious, moral, economic, etc.)
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| Sources (affecting) | family, peers & peer group influence, education (school), region of country; opinion leaders' influence, media presentation.
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| Demographic Influences | education (school), economic status/income, religious influence, race & ethnicity, gender, region of country, age.
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| Straw Polls | variety of ways (movie theaters/diners) -- (Ex: determining political party by popcorn bucket design).
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| Literary Digest | used straw polls that are now seen as highly problematic. (Ex: only for people w/ phones & cars). {oversampling}
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| Issues w/ Literary Digest | timing (cards are sent in August & election in November), self-selection (only those people interested are likely to return postcards), oversampling.
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| In order for a poll to be reliable, it must have: | proper question wording; an accurate sample (sample & population).
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| Kinds of Polling | Mail Survey Polling; Face to Face Polling; Telephone Polling; Internet Polling.
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| Types of Polls | Tracking Polls, Exits Polls, Push Polls, and Deliberative Polls.
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| Tracking Polls | continuous surveys that enable a campaign to chart its daily rise & fall in popularity. Good reflection of what a person thinks over a period of time.
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| Exit Polls | polls conducted @ polling places on election day (done as people leave the voting site). Must be 1/4 of a mile away from polling station.
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| Push Polls | attempts to push/persuade a person to vote/support issue/candidate. Persuasive!
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| Deliberative Polls | a relatively large scientific sample of Americans (600) were selected for intensive briefings, discussion & presentations about issue clusters including foreign affairs, the family, and the economy.
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| Random Sampling | selected @ random (no bias & everyone has the same chance/likelihood of being selected).
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| Stratified Sampling | Ex: electing every other person
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| Quota Sampling | no randomness! Selecting a certain characteristic and surveying just that group.
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| Margin of Error | the difference b/w a sample's results and the true result if the entire population had been interviewed.
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| Electorate | people eligible to vote (have all the characteristics).
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| Voter | person who votes.
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| To Vote: | 18 yrs old. No felony (conviction). American citizen. Registered to vote. Not be declared mentally incompetent (@ court). Resident of state (depends on which state you reside in).
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| President & Vice President | 35 yrs old. Natural born citizen/ Resident of state for @ least 14 years.
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| Senator | 30 yrs old. Resident of state for @ least 9 yrs. Do not have to be natural born citizens. Establish residence (state representing).
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| Representative | 25 yrs old. Resident of state for @ least 7 yrs. Do not have to be natural born citizens.
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| Retrospective | people base decisions based on what person/party has done for them in the past.
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| Prospective | notion about what person/party will do for them in the future.
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| Primaries | Contests among candidates of the same party.
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| General Election | Contests among candidates of opposing parties.
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| Open Primaries | Register to vote..make a decision to pick candidates when voting.
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| Closed Primaries | Register to vote..and register for a specific party (register w/ a specific political party).
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| Blanket Primaries | Register to vote..but you do not have to stick to a specific party. (more open than open primaries b/c you can mix your choices). Focus on positions rather than party; vote on candidate on "office-to-office" basis.
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| Run-Off Primaries | if one candidate has only 1% or 1.5% votes away from another candidate...candidates will then "run-off" b/w each other/ (positions are too close to call winner fairly).
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| Caucuses | similar to a town-hall meeting..tend to be true for rural areas. Hold primaries in January (cold months); discussion amongst party faithfuls & candidates; Direct Democracy (discussing issues directly). Deliberation of issues of the day.
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| Front Loading | The practice of moving presidential primary elections to the early part of the campaign to maximize the impact of these primaries on the nomination.
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| Super Tuesday | Official election day...smaller states w/ fewer electoral votes hold their primaries this day..very important for smaller states to maximize impact.
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| How do we calculate the number of ELECTORAL VOTES? | # of people in the HOUSE + # of people in the SENATE = # of ELECTORAL VOTES
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| What is the minimum number of electoral votes a state can have? | 3 (2 senators and 1 representative).
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| TX has 34 electoral votes, why? | 2 senators & 32 representatives.
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| Electoral College | indirect system of Democracy.
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| How does the electoral college work? | citizens vote for electors and electors vote for presidency.
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| Election of 1800 | Thomas Jefferson ran against Aaron Burr (same political party). Results were really close (almost a tie). No duel! Jefferson wins. 12th amendment established.
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| 12th Amendment | established separate offices b/w PRESIDENT and VICE PRESIDENT. If election is too close to call, candidate w/ the top 2 votes are elected (decided) by the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
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| Popular Vote | how the population votes (has nothing to do with determining who wins election).
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| Electoral Vote | IMPORTANT! Determines who wins the election.
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| Majority Representation | TX -- McCain gets majority, then all electoral votes go to that state.
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| Proportional Representation | CO -- Obama has 70% of votes, he does NOT get all 9 electoral votes, he only gets 70% (5)...and the remaining 4 will go to McCain.
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| Plurality | person w/ most votes win. (majority is 51%). (Ex: 1992 election ... Clinton=43%, Dole=40%, Perrel=17% ... Clinton wins even if there is no majority winner!
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| In Primaries... | majority & proportional matters!
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| In General Election... | plurality matters!
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| How do electoral votes work? | (Ex: TEXAS) Technically, there are 64 people ready to vote (34=Republican, 34=Democrats)...if the majority vote is Republican, then the REPUBLICAN electors cast their vote (vice-versa).
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| Presidential Election | every 4 years.
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| Congressional Election | Senate=every 6 years; House=every 2 years.
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| Midterm & Off-Year Elections | good response to see how people in power are doing.
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| Incumbency | person is running for a position that they already have.
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| Incumbency--House of Representatives | 90% chance of winning (re-election).
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| Incumbency--Senate | 60% chance of winning (re-election).
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| Losing a Race: | Scandals, redistricting/Gerrymandering, coat-tail effect.
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| Redistricting | re-drawing district lines..The redrawing of the boundaries of the congressional districts within each state. Happens when the census is taken.
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| Gerrymandering | political part of redistricting..drawing of legislative district boundary lines for the purpose of obtaining partisan/factional advantage.
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| When is gerrymandering complete? | A district is said to be gerrymandered when its shape is manipulated by the dominant party in the state legislature to maximize electoral strength at the expense of the minority party.
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| Coat-Tail Effect | Ex: based on Obama's actions, you'll most likely vote Democrat (sweep more people IN from the same party). Ex: based on Obama's actions, you'll most likely vote Republican (sweep people OUT from the same party).
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| Voter Turnout | The percentage of citizens taking part in the election process; the number of eligible voters that actually “turn out” on election day to cast their ballots.
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| Factors Influencing Who Votes | age, education, income, minority status, 2-party competition, interest in politics.
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| Why People do NOT Vote | uninformative media coverage & negative campaigning; rational ignorance effect; registration requirements (#1 reason); historical restrictions (literacy tests, black codes, etc.)
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| Rational Ignorance | knowledgeable people that choose not to vote b/c they believe that their 1 vote will not count.
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| Motor-Voter (remedying lower voter turnout) | Passed to help voter turn-out. It makes it convenient to register by requiring all states to allow people who apply for a license to also register to vote, whether they conduct business in person or by mail.
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| Voting Through the Mail (remedying lower voter turnout) | literally getting your ballot through the mail, and submitting your vote.
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| Internet Voting (remedying lower voter turnout) | failed miserably in California b/c of fraud.
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| Media's Functions | Entertainment. Reporting the news. Identifying Public Relations. Socializing New Generations. Providing a Political Forum. Making Profits.
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| Media History | Mass-readership newspapers developed. Yellow Journalism. Muckraking. Electromagnetic Signal Age.
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| Yellow Journalism | oversimplified & oversensational headlines.
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| Muckraking | bring news not to oversensationalize, but to bring them to people's attention. Bringing issues to life.
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| News Media Sources | talk shows. politics. internet broadcasting. internet. blogging. podcasting.
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| Coverage of Government | President speaks through PRESS SECRETARY or PRESS CONFERENCES.
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| Press Secretary | Chief Spokesperson of the Executive (president).
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| Coverage of Government | Congress' 535 members pose a challenge. (speakers & majority & minority leaders).
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| Majority Leaders/Whips | Majority Party in the House & the Senate. (as of now=Democrats).
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| Minority Leaders/Whips | Minority Party in the House & the Senate. (as of now=Democrats).
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| Coverage of Government | Supreme Court is more private; coverage is limited. Usually occurs only when there is an APPOINTMENT/CONFIRMATION of new justice, or when there is an IMPORTANT DECISION about legislation.
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| Descriptive | DESCRIBING the facts.
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| Prescriptive | DESCRIBING and ANALYZING the facts.
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| FCC (Federal Communications Commission) | an independent regulatory agency that has far more control over the broadcast media than it does over print (b/c of short supply of air waves).
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| How does the FCC work? | 5 people (no more than 3 can be of the same party). Appointed by President (executive). 5 year terms.
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| T.V. | TV broadcasting -- renew license every 5 years.
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| Radio | Radio broadcasting -- renew license every 7 years.
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| FCC Regulations -- Equal Time Rule | requires broadcast stations to sell campaign time EQUALLY to ALL candidates (but not all candidates buy that/this time).
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| FCC Regulations -- Right of Rebuttal Rule | requires person (candidate) who has been "attacked" on t.v./radio station to have the right to respond on the air. (candidates don't necessarily always use this; most choose to add this time to their agenda).
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| FCC Regulations -- Fairness Doctrine | requires broadcasters to cover info (policies) adequately & present contrast views of all info presented. No longer exists (ended 1989; never renewed). Broadcast Stations said that they were doing it anyway; Journalists argue that is IS needed.
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| Free Press & Free Trial | (defamation, inaccurate sources=libel).
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| Confidentiality (sources) | Branzburg v. Hayes
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| Censorship of the Press | government CANNOT intrude ... unless, they are choosing to leak information that affects NATIONAL SECURITY.
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| First Amendment Issues | Free Press
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| Press & Government | adversaries who need each other; news leaks & "backgrounders" (background of candidates; mostly during general elections); investigative reporting; Freedom of Information Act.
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| Investigative Reporting | understand what is happening in a contextual way.. reminds us of previous events.
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| Freedom of Information Act | makes sure that information is protected so that others won't utilize it.. protects the person whose information it has/is.
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