Radiologic film processing
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| 1.what is the manifest image or radiographic image | image that exists on film after exposure and processing
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| 2.how is the latent image formed | 3 AG atoms gather at SS from exposure
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| 3.SS acts as | a doorway allows reducing agents into crystal trapping them causing black metallic
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| 4.what is responsible for turning the latent to manifest image | the developer reacts causing grey tones
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| 5.walls are lead lined with what thickness | .16in. or equivelent with lead
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| 6.what is the most efficient transport of cassettes | pass through boxes
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| 7.film storage shelves are stocked | oldest in front, stored on edge
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| 8.default of single locking door on darkroom | people forgot to lock it when they entered and the door would be opened exposing film and processing to light
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| 9.what are some doors and walkways for darkroom | single locking, double door, maze, revolving door
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| 10.what is the white lighting used for in the darkroom | for cleaning,and stocking while processing isn't going on
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| 11.name the different safe lights | indirect-suspended from ceiling and direct-mounted on walls 3ft from counters
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| 12.what color are the filters for a safelight | amber for tungstate and red for rare earths
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| 13.what is the enviroment in the darkroom | cool relatively dry- 60-70deg 30-50% humidity
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| 14.what were the effect of chemicals being stored in the darkroom | darkroom disease-lung issues, neurological effects
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| 15.why is cleanliness of the darkroom important | prevent debry from causing artifacts on the film
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| 16.a view box has a minimium luminescence of | 5,382 flux or 500 foot candle
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| 17.film goes through the 90 sec processor how low for each phase | developer 20-25sec, fixer 20sec, wash 20sec, dry 25-30sec
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| 18.phenidone a reducing agent that swell and softens emulsion produces what tones | rapidly produces grey tones
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| 19.what reducing agent in the developer produces slow black tones | hydroquinone
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| 20.what is the activator in the developer responsible for PH | sodium carbonate
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| 21.what does potassium bromide due in the developer | decreases the reducing agent, anti-fogging
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| 22.what is sodium sulfite do in both the fixer and developer chemicals | preservative, controls oxidation, a buffer agent
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| 23.what chemical in the developer is responsible for hardening the emulsion and protects film before rollers | glutaraldehyde
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| 24.the function of the fixer chemicals in the processor | to preserve image, make permanent, 2cndary function to stop devilopment process
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| 25.what clearing agent removes undeveloped silver halides from emulsion | ammonium thiosulfate
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| 26.acetic acid is a | activator in the fixing solution, stops reduction process, PH
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| 27.what is the hardening chemical in the fixing chemical | potassium alum makes manifest permanent by hardening the emulsion
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| 28.sodium sulfite is apreservative and its function in the fixer tank is to | maintain PH
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| 29.the function of the wash stage in a processor | remove fixing solution from surface of film or will cause brown stain
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| 30.what if the dry time was too long | emulsion layer will crack
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| 31.how much moisture from the film is the dryer responsible for removing | 85-90%
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| 32.what is the tempature for the dryer cycle | 120deg
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| 33.the transport system starts with | the feed tray
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| 34.films enter the feed tray LW or CW | CW
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| 35.entrance rollers are covered with | rubber, are at the begininng of each different process
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| 36.transport rollers are responsible for | moving thefilm through each tank
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| 37.where are the turn around rollers located | on the bottom of each tank
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| 38.what type of roller moves the film from one tank to another | cross over rollers
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| 39.what are guide plates or shoes, and their location | slightly curved metal plates that properly align the edge ofthe film through processor, located on the top and bottom of tanks when film changes direction
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| 40.how is chemical fog created during processing | if film stays in developer too long, more density
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| 41.name too ways to change the density of the film while in the processor | if temp is 5 deg above 92-96 too much density, if film stays in developing tank too long, too much density
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| 42.what are someproblems with thetransport system | artifacts, scratches from misaligned guide shoes, Pi lines from new processors, dark smudges from pressure smudges
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| 43.function of replenishment system | to replace or refresh chemicals due to processing
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| 44.what is a flood or timed replenish system | periodically dumps more into the tank
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| 45.what system of replenishment is film orientated | volume replenishment system, concentration more stable
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| 46.what are the replenishment rates for the developer and fixer tanks | 4-5ml per in of developer. 6-8ml per inch per fixer
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| 47.if there is a over replenishment problem what is the effect | increase density and decrease contrast, wastes solution
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| 48.if there is an under replenishment problem what is the effect on density | decrease in density
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| 49.3 functions of therecirculation system | agitate chemicals, stabilize temp., filter out reation particles and impurities from solution
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| 50.what are reaction particles and how are they removed by the rollers | gelatin, Br-, I-, rid by bending film through rollers
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| 51.what is the most likely problem if thefilm is still wet or tacky when removed from the receiving bin | under replenish problem, insufficiently hardened
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| 52.what is the function of the emulsion layer | to form latent image
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| 53.describe the composition of the emulsion layer | silver halide crystal and gelatin
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| 54.what do the initials H&D stand for | Hurter and Drifield
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| 55.diagnostically useful range of densities are between | .5 and 2.5
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| 56.in the silver halyde crystal what part of the make up is missing an electron | silver
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| 57.the sensitivity speck is usually made of | sulfide
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| 58.the first material used for the base was | glass
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| 59.the current film base material is | polyester plastic
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| 60.what is the purpose of the blue tint that is applied to the base | ease eye strain on the radiologist
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| 61.some other names for the H&D curve | characteristic curve, D log E curve, sensotometric curve
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| 62.what is the daily processor maintance | clean crossovers, entrance rollers, monitoring temp. drain wash tank daily to prevent algae, fill wash tank daily
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| 63.what is the weekly processor maintance | remove racks for cleaning and check gears
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| 64.how often do filters have to be changed in the processor and who replaces them | after 5,000 films, or an estimate if no counter, repair person replaces them
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| 65.what is done during monthly processor maintance | tanks drained, cleaned and refilled, check gears and temp, overall check
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| 66.what test identifys problems in processing before repeats occur | sensitometer testing
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| 67.what part of the processor does silver recovery take place | fixer, where undeveloped crystals are removed from film
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| 68.during automatic processing the time the film is in the processing solutions is controlled by the | transport system
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| 69.possible causes of under replenishment solutions in an automatic processor include | faulty micro switches, air in replenishment lines, faulty replenishment pump
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| 70.decreasing the developer temp. decreases | density
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| 71.what is long scale | low contrast, high kV low mAs,
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| 72.what is short scale contrast | high contrast, low kV high mAs, major difference in densities
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| 73.what are the geometric properties for image detail | recorded detail, size distortion, shape distortion
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| 74.as distortionincreases the recorded detail | decreases
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| 75.true distortion is_______ and is caused by | shape distortion, part alignment to IR and CR angle
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| 76.OID affects | recorded detail
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| 77.focal spot affects | recorded detail
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| 78.magnification is only affected bu | OID and SID
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| 79.principles that govern sharpness are called | geometric properties
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| 80.factors that govern visibility of recorded detail are called | photographic properties
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| 81.some things that influence recorded detail are | motion, film speed contact, IS, OID, SID, size of focal spot
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| 82.contrasts controlling factor is | kV
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| 83.contrasts influencing factors are | patient factors, fog, secondary and scatter radiation, grid, beam limitation and film
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| 84.contrast secondary influences are | mAs, IS, film processing, compression, SID
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| 85.Densitys controlling factor | mAs
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| 86.densitys secondary influences | patient factors, kV, SID, IS, film processing
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| 87.density secondary influences are | fog, beam limitation, film, grid, filteration, anode heel effect
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| 88.what make up photographic properties ( image visibility) | density and contrast
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| 89.how does electrolyte recovery work | uses electrolysis, 2-electrodes a cathode and anode, electrical current passes between the two while submerged, the silver is attracted to the cathode(-) side so then just scrape silver off cathode
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| 90.what is the purpose of the blue tint that is applied to the base | ease eye strain on the radiologist
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| 91.what is the tempature for the dryer cycle | 120deg
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| 92.what is the weekly processor maintance | remove racks for cleaning and check gears
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| 93.what is the white lighting used for in the darkroom | for cleaning,and stocking while processing isn't going on
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| 94.what make up photographic properties ( image visibility) | density and contrast
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| 95.what part of the processor does silver recovery take place | fixer, where undeveloped crystals are removed from film
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| 96.what reducing agent in the developer produces slow black tones | hydroquinone
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| 97.what system of replenishment is film orientated | volume replenishment system, concentration more stable
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| 98.what test identifys problems in processing before repeats occur | sensitometer testing
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| 99.what type of roller moves the film from one tank to another | cross over rollers
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| 100.what were the effect of chemicals being stored in the darkroom | darkroom disease-lung issues, neurological effects
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| 101.where are the turn around rollers located | on the bottom of each tank
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| 102.why is cleanliness of the darkroom important | prevent debry from causing artifacts on the film
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