geriatrics #4 dig, urin, repro,nerve,endo,and drug therapy
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| changes in digestive system for the following | .
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| saliva production | decreased swallowing difficulties
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| tooth enamel and what it causes | thinner risk for cavities/staining enamel
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| peristalsis and what it causes | wave like muscle contraction that passes fooddysphasia and constipation
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| liver finction and what it causes | decrease functionenyzymes increase drop toxicity
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| hiatal hernia and lifestyle treatment | stomach protrudes up through the diaphram gastric contents come up GERD decreased sphincter muscle
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| gastric mucosa and what this can cause | mucosa thins increase risk for ulcers peptic ulcer
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| gastric secretions and what this can cause | decrease difficult or slow digestion or indigestion
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| Know the following changes in the urinary system | .
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| bladder capacity | decreases
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| spincter control | decreases
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| kidney filtration and it affects drug excretion | filtration decreases decreased nephrons increase toxicity
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| risk of UTI | increase risk not able to rid of toxinsincontinent inability to control bowel or bladder
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| what is stress in continence | inability to control bladder due to coughing sneezing laughing running jumping
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| Know the following reproductive changes | .
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| menopause | cessation of ovulation/menses for 1yr with no apparent cause not able to sleep dryness 42-58
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| uterine and ovarian size function | both atrophy and get smaller decreased function during menopause
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| vaginal walls | thinner, drier, causes atropic vaginitis
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| prostate gland | enlarges, BPH
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| what is atropic vaginitis | vaginal wall atrophy and thinwalls get thinner/drier cause burning,itching,irratation,painful intercourse
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| what is BPH | enlarged prostate non cancerous due to aging
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| what are the symptoms of BPH | urgency,decrease strength of stream,difficulty starting urination, dribbling, painful urination
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| what increases the risk of DM in the elderly patient | decrease insulin from decrease pancreas function increases the risk of diabetes (DM)
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| how is DM treated | insulin,diet control,exercise, wt. loss, oral hypoglycemia to stimulate pancreas, occurs in ger pt cause pancreas does not produce as much insulin
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| what happens to the number of neurons (nerve cells) | decreases
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| what condition does decreased nerve cells cause | blood flow decrease, contributes to fine tremors, memory loss
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| what happens to blood flow to the brain | decreases
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| what conditions does decrease blood flow | memory loss, CVA/TIA
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| what causes alzheimer's disease | most common form of senile dementia
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| what affects drug absorbtion and distribution in the elderly | decrease kidney filtration,liver function,increase drug levels in blood flow
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| list 3 interventions to help decrease the risk of grug toxicity | decrease drug doses,check drug levels periodically, assess liver and kidney function prior to precribing the drug
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| know the defination of polypharmacy | inappropriate and excessive drug/medication use in the elderly
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| what common GI side effects are caused by many medications | nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,constipation,indigestion,loss of appetite
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| remember that side effects of drugs can look like symptoms of a disease and symptoms of a disease can look like side effects | this can make it difficult to diagnose elderly patients
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| also remember that the elderly experience twice as many side effects from medications as younger people | example-coumadin-check with blood work
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