Relevant info for different functional areas of planning
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| National Env Policy Act 1970 - Section 101 | show 🗑
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| NEPA Procedural Requirements | show 🗑
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| show | Required for a federal action only when it's major and has significant environmental impact.
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| show | 1st Omnibus Farm Bill. adopted target prices and deficiency payments as a tool that would support farm income but reduce forfeitures. authorized disaster payments, Rural Environmental Conservation Program; amended the Food Stamp Act of 1964 (Natl, State)
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| show | a 5-year omnibus farm bill, allowed lower commodity price and income supports and established a dairy herd buyout program. Several enduring conservation program were created, including sodbuster, swampbuster, and the Conservation Reserve Program.
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| show | continued to move agriculture in a market-oriented direction by freezing target prices and allowing more planting flexibility. Established Rural Development Agency.
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| show | 40% of US waterways do not meet the drinkable, swimmable standards - considered impaired. NPDES - permit process to control point source pollution. Section 404 - wetland protection. (State)
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| show | nitrogen, oxide, carbon monoxide, lead, sulfur dioxide, ozone and particulates - six key regulated pollutants. created NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards. (National)
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| show | Created fund from sale of public land in arid west to supply water through construction of water storage and irrigation (State, Regional)
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| 1905 Forest Service | show 🗑
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| show | Administered by USDA. Created Soil Conservation Service (now NRCS). made prevention of soil erosion a national responsibility.
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| show | Johnson Admin., established National Wilderness Preservation System of federally owned lands - prohibited development, roads, settlement.
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| 1969 National Environmental Policy Act | show 🗑
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| show | Administered at federal level by NOAA. Applies to coastal or Great Lakes states. States develop coastal mgt programs to meet minimum fedeal standards - identify ways to control land use and protect coastal environment (State, Regional)
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| 1973 Endangered Species Act | show 🗑
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| 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act | show 🗑
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| 1975 Energy Policy Conservation Act | show 🗑
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| show | Cradle-grave legislation for hazardous waste materials. Gave EPA authority to control generation, treatment, storage, transport, disposal. Household haz waste exempt.
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| 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act | show 🗑
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| show | Superfund. Created liability for persons discharging haz waste, EPA power to find responsible parties, created trust fund for cleanup, established cleanup requirements, applied retroactively.
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| 1982 Coastal Barrier Resources Act | show 🗑
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| show | Reauthorized CERCLA, increased state involvement, encouraged more public participation in decision making process
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| 1986 Community Right-to-Know Act | show 🗑
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| 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments | show 🗑
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| show | Reqd coordination between states and metropolitan areas for air quality standards (Ex: Regional)
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| 1996 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act | show 🗑
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| 1996 Wetlands Reserve Program | show 🗑
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| show | Established national preparedness plan for bioterrorism and other public health emergencies. More controls on toxins and bad bio agents. Protect safety of food, drugs, water supply. (National, States)
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| show | Increase competition in communications business. Streamline installation of cell phone towers, gave telecom companies pre-emption powers over local regs and eminent domain powers over private property.
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| Metropolitan Planning Organization, MPO | show 🗑
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| TIP, Transportation Improvement Program | show 🗑
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| Local transportation plans | show 🗑
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| Regional/metropolitan transportation plans | show 🗑
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| show | State systems, improvements.
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| National Transportation Planning | show 🗑
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| 1956 National Interstate and Defense Highways Act | show 🗑
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| 1964 Urban Mass Transportation Act | show 🗑
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| 1990 American with Disabilities Act ADA | show 🗑
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| show | Successor to ISTEA, included new initiatives like traffic safety, protecting env, advancing economic growth with more competitive and flexible transportation. Emphasized public transit.
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| Fannie Mae, 1938 | show 🗑
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| Freddie Mac, 1970 | show 🗑
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| Fannie & Freddie | show 🗑
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| Federal Home Loan Bank, 1932 | show 🗑
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| show | FSLIC, Federal Savings Loan Insurance Corp to insure savings deposits. FHA Federal Housing Admin to insure private mortgages. Policies led to sprawl (single family, low density).
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| show | Created USHA, US Housing Authority which become PHA Public Housing Administration in 1947. Funded Local Housing Authorities to determine local needs, provide public housing, clear slums.
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| show | 1st comp housing bill. 800,000 new units constructed. Focused on slum clearance, urban renewal, and new housing construction.
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| 1949-1973, Urban Renewal | show 🗑
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| 1954 Housing Act | show 🗑
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| show | Federal funds for comprehensive planning at metropolitan, regional, and state level.
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| 1964 Housing Act | show 🗑
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| show | Created HUD as cabinet level agency (from HHFA) Est rent subsidy programs for below poverty line, low interest loans for low and moderate incomes, subsidies for public housing projects
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| show | Fair Housing Act - prohibits housing discrimination through Title VIII - underfunded and rarely pursued.
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| 1968 Housing & Urban Development Act | show 🗑
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| show | CDCs - Community Development Corporations to emphasize economic and community development in central cities and low-income areas
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| show | Help low-income renters get housing. 30% income goes to housing, govt makes up rest. Main source of federal assistance.
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| 1974 Housing & Community Development Act | show 🗑
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| show | HUD gave short term mortgage assistance for temp unemployed or underemployed
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| 1986 Low Income Housing Tax Credit | show 🗑
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| 1987 Stewart McKinney Act | show 🗑
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| show | Expanded scope of fair housing provisions to include community residences, group homes, 1/2way houses. HUD can pursue discrimination complaints.
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| 1990 Cranston-Gonzalez Ntl Affordable Housing Act (NAHA) | show 🗑
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| 1992 Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight | show 🗑
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| show | Replace large housing projects with smaller low rise, high quality mixed use projects. Housing vouchers. Decrease [ ] of low-income families and de facto segregation.
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| 1992 Housing and Community Development Act | show 🗑
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| 1994, HUD Multifamily Housing Disposition Rule | show 🗑
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| 2000, Manufactured Housing Improvement Act | show 🗑
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| Continuum of Care | show 🗑
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| 1998, TEA-21 | show 🗑
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| Agricultural Preservation & Growth Management | show 🗑
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| Viable Ag Land (1999 Policy Guide) | show 🗑
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| show | 1st Farm Bill. New Deal leg. Introduced price support, production adjustments, and commodity loans.
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| 1938 Agricultural Adjustment Act | show 🗑
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| 1965 Food and Agricultural Act | show 🗑
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| show | All federal agencies supposed to minimize conversion of farmland to other uses.
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| Bormann v Board of Supervisors, Iowa SC 1998 | show 🗑
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| Ag Zoning - Exclusive Regs v Non-exlusive regulations | show 🗑
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| Community & Regional Food Planning Issues (2007 Guide) | show 🗑
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| show | Facilitate local economic growth. Improve community by changing physical design. Provide variety of services for local needs.
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| show | First Department Store - Salt Lake City, UT.
Pullman IL - model industrial town.
Durham CA - coop ag colony established in 1917
Norris TN - TVA, Norris Dam, town for workers.
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| show | Citizen participation. Local residents lead community improvements and include professional advice. Collaboration of citizens with local leaders to understand and address community needs.
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| show | Mix of incomes. Improved access to unemployment. Feasibility of alternative trans. Increased supply of affordable housing. Improved safety.
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| show | Local nonprofits with local residents and leaders on board. Produce housing, social services, provide programs. NeighborWorks.
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| show | New Deal Program - intended to carry out land reform and population resettlement. Resettled urban poor to federally planned communities.
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| show | Model Cities Program; part of Johnson's Great Society program. focus on community participation, social, and economic rebuilding
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| 1974 Housing & Community Development Act | show 🗑
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| 1991, American with Disabilities Act | show 🗑
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| show | State DOTs share funding decisions with MPOs to address transit, alt forms of trans. better coord of planning and trans. created Transportation Enhancements program
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| 1998 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st C (TEA 21) | show 🗑
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| show | Garden Cities - community development concept
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| Clarence Perry | show 🗑
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| show | Cleveland Planning Director 1969-79. Equity planning - working to those with few, if any, choices including city's poor and minority
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| show | Measure [ ] of industry in local area compared to regional area.
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| show | LQ < 1. The local industry is not sufficient to meet local demand.
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| Cost-Benefit Analysis | show 🗑
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| show | Used to determine if a particular project will generate adequate revenue through taxes to pay for the additional public services that will be required.
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| Income-output analysis | show 🗑
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| Market-share analysis | show 🗑
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| Retail market analysis | show 🗑
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| show | Compares and contrasts growth rates among industrial sectors, and to distinguish the effects of national and local economic trends.
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| show | Group of geographically close businesses with some relationship to each other, i.e. supplier and consumer of specialized high tech goods
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| show | Phenomenom whereby businesses locate close to one another rather than spread out to economically benefit from close proximity (reduced transportation and communication costs)
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| show | Emphasizes role of local govt, community organizations, and private secotr in aconomid development process. Local govt plays cetnral hands-on role in stimulating economic activity
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| Structural unemployment | show 🗑
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| show | 100,000 sf to 450,000 sf range
150,000 sf average
mid-size department store or discount store as major tenant
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| Neighborhood shopping center | show 🗑
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| Regional Shopping Center | show 🗑
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| show | special assessment district where property owners pay additional tax for extra service to benefit their district
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| Business Incubators | show 🗑
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| show | Used to finance certain types of redevelopment projects. Capture higher assessment from improved properties to finance public improvements in that district for more redevelopment.
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| Special Districts (Water & Sewer) | show 🗑
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| 1933, Public Works Administration | show 🗑
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| 1935, Works Progress Administration | show 🗑
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| show | Used regional poverty and unemployment statistics to determine which counties were elegible for EDA funding. Support for local econ dev by grants for site acquisition, grading, utilities. Community industrial parks and business incubators.
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| show | Used to buy and clear sites to facilitate econ dev with stress on intergovt cooperation and public-private partnerships. Competitive process.
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| 1977 Community Revitalization Act | show 🗑
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| show | Federal funds to limited number of distressed urban areas to make them more competitive. Property tax reductions, sales tax reductions, wage tax credits, low-interest financing part of tools.
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| show | Reduce regulatory barriers to market entry and competition. Outlawed artificial barriers to entry in local exchange markets for maximum competition.
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| Economic base theory | show 🗑
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| show | Look for intersection of supply curve with demand curve to determine point of equilibrium.
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| 1879, NYC Tenement House Law | show 🗑
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| Jane Addams | show 🗑
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| Jacob Riis (1849-1914) | show 🗑
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| show | Improved lighting and air ventilation, toilets and running water for each unit. Outlawed dumbbell design, 70% lot coverage.
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| show | Helped draft 1901 Tenement House Law. Wrote Housing Reform in 1919.
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| show | Social worker and housing reformer active in settlement movement in NYC. Founded Greenwich House in Greenwich Village in 1902.
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| show | 1909 Washing DC. Brought together leading housing reformers and city planners.
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| show | Public housing advocate and author of Modern Housing (1934)
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| Ginnie Mae (Government National Mortgage Association) | show 🗑
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| Fannie Mae (Federal National Mortgage Association) | show 🗑
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| Freddie Mac (Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation). | show 🗑
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| show | upheld right of the community of Belle Terre, near SUNY at Stony Brook, to prohibit more than 2 unrelated persons from living together to protect quiet single family neighborhood.
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| show | NJ Supreme Court Struck down exclusionary zoning ordinance which prevented affordable housing for poor and moderate incomes. Ordered local jurisdictions to rewrite zoning to provide fair share of affordable housing.
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| show | Struck down ordinance that made it illegal for closely related individuals to share occupancy. Cities could not define family to exclude closely related persons from living together.
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| show | 1977 USSC. Court upheld village decision to deny rezoning application necessary to construct low-income housing on basis that it did not violate 14th Amendment because there was no evidence of intentional racial discrimination
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| NAACP v Township of Mount Laurel (Mt Laurel II), | show 🗑
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| City of Cleburne v Cleburne Living Center; 1985 USSC | show 🗑
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| 1934 National Housing Act | show 🗑
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| show | Largest urban program in US History, from Housing Act of 1949. Cleared slums with goal of elimination, revitalization of urban economies, and providing low-cost housing. Often displaced entire communities without compensation or housing replacement.
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| Section 701 | show 🗑
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| 1974 Housing & Community Development Act | show 🗑
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| show | Provided matching fed funds to local govt expenditures for low income housing (HOME). reqd a Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy (CHAS) (plan)
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| Inclusionary Zoning | show 🗑
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| Techniques to provide more affordable housing | show 🗑
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| show | Foundation of future federal public housing programs for the poor. %
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| show | Building codes. The purpose of building codes is to protect public health and safety.
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| show | May be "vertical" with a mix of uses in one building or "horizontal" with a mix of single use buildings within walking distance of one another.
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| Planned Unit Development (PUD) | show 🗑
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| show | 900 million acres owned by farmers and ranchers. 240 million of prime ag land. 25% in metropolitan areas.
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| show | 56.2 million lands held in trust, Secretary of Interior. 40 million acres in Alaska. Navajo Reservation, largest at 16 million acres in Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico.
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| Publicly Owned lands | show 🗑
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| show | 191 million acres of national forest.
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| show | Coined the term "greenway", 1959 The Last Landscape. Conservation Easements
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| show | NPDES authorized by CWA, put in place to control water pollution by requiring a NPDES discharge permit for industrial and municipal polluters (point source pollution)
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| show | 1,200 listed T&E species. Endangered includes 36% fish, 35% amphibians, 17% mammals, 11% birds. Hawaii has largest # at more than 100.
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| show | gas consumption increased from 405 gpy to 430 gpy from 1990-2000, house size increased from 1100 sf 50 years ago to 2340 sf today
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| One hectare | show 🗑
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| show | 1,000 meters or 3,281 ft
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| First National Park | show 🗑
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| Park standards | show 🗑
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| 1978, Urban Park and Recreation Recovery Act | show 🗑
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| show | 1980, Social Life of Small Urban Spaces. environmental psychology and sociology in urban design.
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| show | New Urbanism advocate.
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| Allen Jacobs | show 🗑
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| Joel Garreau | show 🗑
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| Robert Lang | show 🗑
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| Homeownership | show 🗑
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| show | 38% rural areas, 31% suburbs, 31% central cities
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| show | Cleveland Planning Director, 1969-1979. Equity planning - working to serve those with few choices; poor and minority residents.
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