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AICP - Functional

Relevant info for different functional areas of planning

Question	Answer
National Env Policy Act 1970 - Section 101	Basic substantive policy - use all practicable means to avoid env degradation, preserve resrouces and promote beneficial use to FULLEST EXTENT POSSIBLE (Regional)
NEPA Procedural Requirements	Requires detailed statement of (1) env impacts, (2) env costs which might be avoided and (3) alternative measures (Env. Assessment)
EIS - Environmental Impact Statement	Required for a federal action only when it's major and has significant environmental impact.
1973 Farm Bill	1st Omnibus Farm Bill. adopted target prices and deficiency payments as a tool that would support farm income but reduce forfeitures. authorized disaster payments, Rural Environmental Conservation Program; amended the Food Stamp Act of 1964 (Natl, State)
Food Security Act - 1985	a 5-year omnibus farm bill, allowed lower commodity price and income supports and established a dairy herd buyout program. Several enduring conservation program were created, including sodbuster, swampbuster, and the Conservation Reserve Program.
1990 Farm Bill	continued to move agriculture in a market-oriented direction by freezing target prices and allowing more planting flexibility. Established Rural Development Agency.
Clean Water Act - 1972	40% of US waterways do not meet the drinkable, swimmable standards - considered impaired. NPDES - permit process to control point source pollution. Section 404 - wetland protection. (State)
Clean Air Act - 1970	nitrogen, oxide, carbon monoxide, lead, sulfur dioxide, ozone and particulates - six key regulated pollutants. created NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards. (National)
1902 US Reclamation Act (Newlands Act)	Created fund from sale of public land in arid west to supply water through construction of water storage and irrigation (State, Regional)
1905 Forest Service	Gifford Pinchot, 1st director. Encouraged wise use of forest resources (conservation).
1935 Soil Conservation Act	Administered by USDA. Created Soil Conservation Service (now NRCS). made prevention of soil erosion a national responsibility.
1964 Wilderness Act	Johnson Admin., established National Wilderness Preservation System of federally owned lands - prohibited development, roads, settlement.
1969 National Environmental Policy Act	Broad national framework for environmental protection. The public and decision makers must be informed.
1972 Coastal Zone Management Act	Administered at federal level by NOAA. Applies to coastal or Great Lakes states. States develop coastal mgt programs to meet minimum fedeal standards - identify ways to control land use and protect coastal environment (State, Regional)
1973 Endangered Species Act	establishes federal list of endangered and threatened species. Fed assistance to states/locals establish conservation programs. Required consultation with FWS. Applies to public and private land. (State, Substate)
1974 Safe Drinking Water Act	Set standards for drinking water - covers all potential above and below ground sources. Public water supply systems must comply with SDWA standards.
1975 Energy Policy Conservation Act	Est CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) standards in response to Arab oil embargo of 70s. (National
1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)	Cradle-grave legislation for hazardous waste materials. Gave EPA authority to control generation, treatment, storage, transport, disposal. Household haz waste exempt.
1976 Toxic Substances Control Act	Gave EPA ability to track industrial chemicals that are produced or imported in the US
1980 CERCLA,	Superfund. Created liability for persons discharging haz waste, EPA power to find responsible parties, created trust fund for cleanup, established cleanup requirements, applied retroactively.
1982 Coastal Barrier Resources Act	Designated undeveloped coastal barrier islands. Ineligible for direct or indirect federal assistance to support development, i.e. flood insurance (State, Regional)
1986 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)	Reauthorized CERCLA, increased state involvement, encouraged more public participation in decision making process
1986 Community Right-to-Know Act	Req'd certain industries to report amt and type of tox and haz substances tehy generate.
1990 Clean Air Act Amendments	Cap and trade system for SO2 and allowed EPA to withhold fed funds from metro areas that fail standards. Set limits on pollutants. Required states to create State Implementation Program (SIP) for failing metro areas. (Ex: State, Regional)
1991, ISTEA	Reqd coordination between states and metropolitan areas for air quality standards (Ex: Regional)
1996 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act	FIFRA Federal control of pesticide distribution, sale, and use. Pesticide users are certified. (National)
1996 Wetlands Reserve Program	USDA NRCS. Financial incentive to private landowners to restore, protect, and enhance wetlands.
2002 Bioterrorism Act	Established national preparedness plan for bioterrorism and other public health emergencies. More controls on toxins and bad bio agents. Protect safety of food, drugs, water supply. (National, States)
1996 Telecommunications Act	Increase competition in communications business. Streamline installation of cell phone towers, gave telecom companies pre-emption powers over local regs and eminent domain powers over private property.
Metropolitan Planning Organization, MPO	A metro area with pop over 50,000 needs an MPO to receive fed funding. reviews programs that affect region, certifies consistency among programs, coordinates transportation and land use decisions.
TIP, Transportation Improvement Program	Multi-modal listing of highway, transit, bicycle, pedestrian improvements. Consistent with metro transp plan, prioritizes projects, provides timeline for implementation.
Local transportation plans	looks at circulation, transportation, and public transit.
Regional/metropolitan transportation plans	Looks at improvements, congestion management, highway/transit/aviation, major investment study, corridor study, sub-area study.
State transportation plans	State systems, improvements.
National Transportation Planning	since early 20th c focused on highway network development for cars, often to detriment of other surface transportation modes.
1956 National Interstate and Defense Highways Act	Uniform design standards for fed highways, funding for highway constuction (Trust Fund), largest public works project in nations history, affected land use, city design, sprawl. Ex: National.
1964 Urban Mass Transportation Act	Fed govt provides grant money to local govt for public transit. Includes capital investments and operating costs.
1990 American with Disabilities Act ADA	reqd mass transit to be accessible to those with physical disability. Reqd paratransit serviced be provided to those who cannot use public transit or drive themselves.
1998 TEA-21, Transportation Equity Act 21st Century	Successor to ISTEA, included new initiatives like traffic safety, protecting env, advancing economic growth with more competitive and flexible transportation. Emphasized public transit.
Fannie Mae, 1938	Federal National Mortgage Association. Created to purchase FHA loans. Today also purchases conventional mortgages.
Freddie Mac, 1970	Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation. Keep money flowing to mortgage lenders in support of homeownership and rental housing.
Fannie & Freddie	Hold 80-90% of mortgages in the US. Publicly traded corporation and primary purpose os to provide credit to homebuyers, middle income and first-time.
Federal Home Loan Bank, 1932	Est 12 regional banks, created HOLC Home Owners Loan Corporation to refinance mortgages for stressed homewoners, used redlining to prohibit some mortgages (illegal, discriminatory), expired 1954
National Housing Act, 1934	FSLIC, Federal Savings Loan Insurance Corp to insure savings deposits. FHA Federal Housing Admin to insure private mortgages. Policies led to sprawl (single family, low density).
1937 Wagner-Seagall Housing Act	Created USHA, US Housing Authority which become PHA Public Housing Administration in 1947. Funded Local Housing Authorities to determine local needs, provide public housing, clear slums.
1949, Housing Act (Wagner-Ellender-Taft)	1st comp housing bill. 800,000 new units constructed. Focused on slum clearance, urban renewal, and new housing construction.
1949-1973, Urban Renewal	Physical redevelopment of existing communities. Largest federal urban program in US history. Eliminate substandard housing, revitalize urban areas, construct quality low cost housing. Eminent domain, displaced low-income residents
1954 Housing Act	Expanded urban renewal program. Consolidated studies, provided comp planning. Section 701 - funding for communities of < 25,000 helped est planning depts
1959 Housing Act	Federal funds for comprehensive planning at metropolitan, regional, and state level.
1964 Housing Act	Section 312 included funding for home rehab loans. Gave assistance to moderate income households.
1965 Housing & Urban Development Act	Created HUD as cabinet level agency (from HHFA) Est rent subsidy programs for below poverty line, low interest loans for low and moderate incomes, subsidies for public housing projects
1968 Civil Rights Act	Fair Housing Act - prohibits housing discrimination through Title VIII - underfunded and rarely pursued.
1968 Housing & Urban Development Act	New Communities Act - funding for private development of new towns. 6 millions subsidized housing units. Local govts develop housing plans and coordinate affirmative action programs
1970 HUD Act	CDCs - Community Development Corporations to emphasize economic and community development in central cities and low-income areas
1974, Section 8 Housing	Help low-income renters get housing. 30% income goes to housing, govt makes up rest. Main source of federal assistance.
1974 Housing & Community Development Act	CDBG - Community Development Block Grant, replaced categorical grants with flexible block grants. Physical neighborhood improvements, social services, econ dev projects. Local discretion in spending. Housing Assistance Plan. Congressional appropriations.
1975, Emergency Housing Act	HUD gave short term mortgage assistance for temp unemployed or underemployed
1986 Low Income Housing Tax Credit	LIHTC is alternative to fund housing for moderate incomes. Tax credits sold to investors and corporations to build affordable housing. Generally some portion of project for low-mod income (Ex: National).
1987 Stewart McKinney Act	1st legislative response to homelessness. Emphasized assistance to elderly, disabled, children.
1988 Fair Housing Amendments	Expanded scope of fair housing provisions to include community residences, group homes, 1/2way houses. HUD can pursue discrimination complaints.
1990 Cranston-Gonzalez Ntl Affordable Housing Act (NAHA)	HOME - Home Ownership Made Easy program. Federal matching funds to local govts for low income housing needs. Needed Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy (CHAS).
1992 Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight	Within HUS to provide regulatory oversight for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
1992, HOPE VI Program	Replace large housing projects with smaller low rise, high quality mixed use projects. Housing vouchers. Decrease [ ] of low-income families and de facto segregation.
1992 Housing and Community Development Act	Section 202 - expand supply of affordable housing for elderly.
1994, HUD Multifamily Housing Disposition Rule	Evicts indiv with drug or alcohol abuse or criminal records. % housing for elderly or disabled. Funding to Habitat for Humanity
2000, Manufactured Housing Improvement Act	Installation and building standards for manufactured homes. States have to have dispute resolution program.
Continuum of Care	Federal policy model for addressing homelessness - try to move homeless people in to housing by providing services to help them.
1998, TEA-21	Successor to ISTEA. Emphasized transit as alternative to highway construction. Cont'd planning process. Gave enhancement grants for ped/bike paths, scenic quality.
Agricultural Preservation & Growth Management	Critical link. Need to consider ag zoning, urban growth boundaries, transfer of development rights, conservation subdivisions, and agricultural easements.
Viable Ag Land (1999 Policy Guide)	Must be kept in large blocks. Need financial incentives to counteract developed residential value. Different from open space preservation.
1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act	1st Farm Bill. New Deal leg. Introduced price support, production adjustments, and commodity loans.
1938 Agricultural Adjustment Act	Mandatory price support for corn, cotton, and wheat. The 1949 Bill formed basis of ag law in the US.
1965 Food and Agricultural Act	milk subsidy program
Farmland Protection Policy Act, 1981	All federal agencies supposed to minimize conversion of farmland to other uses.
Bormann v Board of Supervisors, Iowa SC 1998	Right to Farm legislation unconstitutional. Granted farmers immunities not given to other landowners. Created de facto taking allowing farm to set odors, noise, etc.
Ag Zoning - Exclusive Regs v Non-exlusive regulations	non-farm buildings are not permitted v non-farm buildings are permitted, but large lot minimums or density limits. Exclusive regs are most common.
Community & Regional Food Planning Issues (2007 Guide)	need comp planning process, promote local food, improve health of residents, ecologically sustainable, equitable, preserve cultures
Community Development Goals	Facilitate local economic growth. Improve community by changing physical design. Provide variety of services for local needs.
Community Development History	First Department Store - Salt Lake City, UT. Pullman IL - model industrial town. Durham CA - coop ag colony established in 1917 Norris TN - TVA, Norris Dam, town for workers.
Community Development Planning Elements	Citizen participation. Local residents lead community improvements and include professional advice. Collaboration of citizens with local leaders to understand and address community needs.
Community development planning social goals	Mix of incomes. Improved access to unemployment. Feasibility of alternative trans. Increased supply of affordable housing. Improved safety.
CDC - Community Development Corporations	Local nonprofits with local residents and leaders on board. Produce housing, social services, provide programs. NeighborWorks.
1935, US Resettlement Administration	New Deal Program - intended to carry out land reform and population resettlement. Resettled urban poor to federally planned communities.
1966, Demonstration Cities and Metro Development Act	Model Cities Program; part of Johnson's Great Society program. focus on community participation, social, and economic rebuilding
1974 Housing & Community Development Act	CDBG program. $ often used for social services, physical improvements, econ and comm development projects.
1991, American with Disabilities Act	requires businesses and governments to provide people with disabilities equal access to jobs, transportation, and public facilities.
1991, Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act	State DOTs share funding decisions with MPOs to address transit, alt forms of trans. better coord of planning and trans. created Transportation Enhancements program
1998 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st C (TEA 21)	Successor to ISTEA. Emphasized transit, contd planning process, grants for scenic resources, bikways, etc
Ebenezer Howard	Garden Cities - community development concept
Clarence Perry	Neighborhood Unit - The Regional Survey of NY and its Environs, 1929
Norman Krumholz	Cleveland Planning Director 1969-79. Equity planning - working to those with few, if any, choices including city's poor and minority
Location Quotient (LQ)	Measure [ ] of industry in local area compared to regional area.
Importing Industry	LQ < 1. The local industry is not sufficient to meet local demand.
Cost-Benefit Analysis	Considers future benefits and costs of alternative projects. Use to compare alternatives.
Fiscal Impact Analysis (Cost Revenue Analysis)	Used to determine if a particular project will generate adequate revenue through taxes to pay for the additional public services that will be required.
Income-output analysis	Measure the relationship among industries in a region showing what is used locally and what is exported.
Market-share analysis	Tracks local area's share of a larger regional market for goods and services over time to determine if growth is occuring.
Retail market analysis	Estimate how much retail activity and how much retail building space and land zoned for retail will be required in the future. Identify the types of retail activity most or least in demand.
Shift-share analysis	Compares and contrasts growth rates among industrial sectors, and to distinguish the effects of national and local economic trends.
Business cluster	Group of geographically close businesses with some relationship to each other, i.e. supplier and consumer of specialized high tech goods
Agglomeration economics	Phenomenom whereby businesses locate close to one another rather than spread out to economically benefit from close proximity (reduced transportation and communication costs)
Civic entrepreneurialism	Emphasizes role of local govt, community organizations, and private secotr in aconomid development process. Local govt plays cetnral hands-on role in stimulating economic activity
Structural unemployment	mismatch between supply of labor and demand for labor where supply of labor skills don't meet demands for skills b/c of changing technology
Community shopping center	100,000 sf to 450,000 sf range 150,000 sf average mid-size department store or discount store as major tenant
Neighborhood shopping center	30,000 to 100,000 sf Sale of convenience goods (food, drug, other sundries) to meet daily needs of residents of immediate neighborhood
Regional Shopping Center	300,000 - 1,000,000 sf Provide variety of general merchandise, apparel, furniture, and home furnishings
Business Improvement District BID	special assessment district where property owners pay additional tax for extra service to benefit their district
Business Incubators	Dedicated facilities to support start-ups; professional advice, technology, admin staff, promotion
Tax Increment Financing TIF	Used to finance certain types of redevelopment projects. Capture higher assessment from improved properties to finance public improvements in that district for more redevelopment.
Special Districts (Water & Sewer)	Geographically defined area may levy taxes or user charge as financing mechanism for public service
1933, Public Works Administration	used construction of public works as means of providing employment, stabilizing purchasing power, and improving public welfare. 1st federally supported public housing project. Airports, schools, dams, hospitals.
1935, Works Progress Administration	New Deal Program to create link between urban planning and economic development. Fed govt offered work to unemployed by spending money on highway and bldg construction, slum clearance, rural rehab.
1965, Economic Development Administration	Used regional poverty and unemployment statistics to determine which counties were elegible for EDA funding. Support for local econ dev by grants for site acquisition, grading, utilities. Community industrial parks and business incubators.
1977, Urban Development Action Grant (UDAG)	Used to buy and clear sites to facilitate econ dev with stress on intergovt cooperation and public-private partnerships. Competitive process.
1977 Community Revitalization Act	Anti-discrimination law for bank regulators. Stopped redlining in urban, low-income minority neighborhoods.
1944 Empowerment Zones (Enterprise Zones)	Federal funds to limited number of distressed urban areas to make them more competitive. Property tax reductions, sales tax reductions, wage tax credits, low-interest financing part of tools.
1996, Telecommunications Act	Reduce regulatory barriers to market entry and competition. Outlawed artificial barriers to entry in local exchange markets for maximum competition.
Economic base theory	Basic activities bring money in to an area while non-basic activities circulates money within an area. Related to LQ.
Theory of Supply and Demand	Look for intersection of supply curve with demand curve to determine point of equilibrium.
1879, NYC Tenement House Law	Address light, air, and sanitary conditions. Reqd narrow airshaft between adjacent buildings and 2 toilets/floor
Jane Addams	1889, Chicago - founded Hull House a settlement house. Attracted educated middle-class people to live in poor urban neighborhoods to provide social and educational services.
Jacob Riis (1849-1914)	Photojournalist - How the Other 1/2 Lives and Children of the Poor. Provided stimulus to housing reform.
1901, Tenement House Law	Improved lighting and air ventilation, toilets and running water for each unit. Outlawed dumbbell design, 70% lot coverage.
Lawrence Veiller (1872-1959)	Helped draft 1901 Tenement House Law. Wrote Housing Reform in 1919.
Mary Simkhovitch (1867-1951)	Social worker and housing reformer active in settlement movement in NYC. Founded Greenwich House in Greenwich Village in 1902.
First National Conference on City Planning	1909 Washing DC. Brought together leading housing reformers and city planners.
Catherine Bauer Wurster	Public housing advocate and author of Modern Housing (1934)
Ginnie Mae (Government National Mortgage Association)	1934, guarantees investors timely payment of principal and interest on loans. Not a publicly traded corp and does not buy or sell loans.
Fannie Mae (Federal National Mortgage Association)	1938, Created to purchase National Housing Administration (FHA) loans. Today also purchases conventional mortgages. Publicly traded corporation
Freddie Mac (Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation).	Est in 1970 to keep money flowing to mortgage lenders in support of homeownership and rental housing. Publicly traded.
Village of Belle Terre v Borass; 1974 US Supreme Court	upheld right of the community of Belle Terre, near SUNY at Stony Brook, to prohibit more than 2 unrelated persons from living together to protect quiet single family neighborhood.
Southern Burlington NAACP v Township of Mt Laurel (1975)	NJ Supreme Court Struck down exclusionary zoning ordinance which prevented affordable housing for poor and moderate incomes. Ordered local jurisdictions to rewrite zoning to provide fair share of affordable housing.
Moore v City of East Cleveland, 1977 US Supreme Court	Struck down ordinance that made it illegal for closely related individuals to share occupancy. Cities could not define family to exclude closely related persons from living together.
Village of Arlington Heights v Metro Housing Dev Corp;	1977 USSC. Court upheld village decision to deny rezoning application necessary to construct low-income housing on basis that it did not violate 14th Amendment because there was no evidence of intentional racial discrimination
NAACP v Township of Mount Laurel (Mt Laurel II),	1983 NJ SC. Due to noncompliance with prior decision, established criteria for determining fair share in growth areas. "Affirmative measure" included removal of restrictive barriers, density bounses, mandatory set asides and mobile home zoning.
City of Cleburne v Cleburne Living Center; 1985 USSC	City did not have right to deny permit for group home because there was no basis for the prohibition
1934 National Housing Act	est FHA for underwriting loans. FHA reqd land use guidelines which resulted in seperating land uses (Euclidian Zoning) and lower density single family residential. After WWII helped lead suburban growth (Levittown). Made home ownership the norm in US.
1949-1973,Urban Renewal	Largest urban program in US History, from Housing Act of 1949. Cleared slums with goal of elimination, revitalization of urban economies, and providing low-cost housing. Often displaced entire communities without compensation or housing replacement.
Section 701	from 1954 Housing Act. Sectino 701 included funding for comprehensive planning for communities of less than 25,000, which established many planning departments.
1974 Housing & Community Development Act	created CDBG. reduced fed role in local decision making by allowing more local discretion. requires a HAP Housing Assistance Plan. congressional appropriations decision significantly affect development of affordable housing (National Planning)
1990 National Affordable Housing Act	Provided matching fed funds to local govt expenditures for low income housing (HOME). reqd a Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy (CHAS) (plan)
Inclusionary Zoning	community zoning ordinance require inclusion of variety of housing types, used to provide housing opportunities for low-income and moderate income residents.
Techniques to provide more affordable housing	Inclusionary Zoning, Fee-in-Lieu, Impact fee,
Housing Act of 1937	Foundation of future federal public housing programs for the poor. %
Health and Safety Regulations give the power to regulate?	Building codes. The purpose of building codes is to protect public health and safety.
Mixed Use Development	May be "vertical" with a mix of uses in one building or "horizontal" with a mix of single use buildings within walking distance of one another.
Planned Unit Development (PUD)	May include single family residences, apartments, multi-family, commericial, institutional, and industrial uses.
Agricultural land	900 million acres owned by farmers and ranchers. 240 million of prime ag land. 25% in metropolitan areas.
Reservation lands	56.2 million lands held in trust, Secretary of Interior. 40 million acres in Alaska. Navajo Reservation, largest at 16 million acres in Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico.
Publicly Owned lands	2.2 billion acres. 1/3 owned and managed by BLM or Forest Service.
Forest lands	191 million acres of national forest.
William Whyte (1917-1999)	Coined the term "greenway", 1959 The Last Landscape. Conservation Easements
1972, National Pollution Discharge Elimination System	NPDES authorized by CWA, put in place to control water pollution by requiring a NPDES discharge permit for industrial and municipal polluters (point source pollution)
Endangered Species	1,200 listed T&E species. Endangered includes 36% fish, 35% amphibians, 17% mammals, 11% birds. Hawaii has largest # at more than 100.
Energy consumption	gas consumption increased from 405 gpy to 430 gpy from 1990-2000, house size increased from 1100 sf 50 years ago to 2340 sf today
One hectare	10,000 square meters or 2.471 acres
One kilometer	1,000 meters or 3,281 ft
First National Park	Yellowstone National Park, 1925
Park standards	National Recreation & Parks Assoc: Regional (5 acres/1,000 people), Community (3 acres/1,000), Neighborhood (5 acres/1,000 people)
1978, Urban Park and Recreation Recovery Act	authorized matching grants to renovate and improve facilities in low-income communities
William Whyte	1980, Social Life of Small Urban Spaces. environmental psychology and sociology in urban design.
Andres Duany	New Urbanism advocate.
Allen Jacobs	1985, Making City Planning Work. 1995, Great Streets.
Joel Garreau	1991, Edge Cities. distinct place that was not a city 30 years ago, but now has 5M sf of office space, retail and more jobs than bedrooms.
Robert Lang	2002, Edgeless Cities. dominant urban form with large isolated suburban complexes not accessible by pedestrians.
Homeownership	66% US households own. More than 25% of renters are below poverty level, pay 50-70% of income for rent.
Housing Distribution	38% rural areas, 31% suburbs, 31% central cities
Norman Krumholz	Cleveland Planning Director, 1969-1979. Equity planning - working to serve those with few choices; poor and minority residents.

Created by: katec363

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