Stack #37856
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| Types of Muscles | Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, Skeletal muscle
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| Smooth Muscle | visceral, involuntary and non-striated; contracts independently of will
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| Cardiac Muscle | involuntary
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| Skeletal Muscle | voluntary, striated; can be made to contract by nerve impulses; an act of will
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| Function of Muscles | Movement, Posture, Generate Heat
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| Movement | chief function to operate bones and produce motion
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| Posture | maintains tone- when muscles are in a state of readiness
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| tone | when muscles are in a state of readiness
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| Generate heat | muscles function best at normal body temperature
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| Structure of Muscles | arranged in bundles of muscle fibers called fasicles
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| Fasicles | bundles of muscle fibers in which muscles are arranged; held together by connective tissue- also forms tendons- attach muscle to bone; are tough cord-like structure
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| Action of Muscles | by irritability- the ability of the muscle tissue to receive and respond to stimuli
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| Neuromuscular Junction | the point at which a nerve fiber contracts a muscle cell and movement is stimulated
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| Synapse | point of communication between cells
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| Motor end plate | receiving membrane of the muscle cell
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| Action potential | the spreading wave of electrical current that calls muscles into action
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| Contraction | the ability of a muscle fiber to undergo shortening to change its shape and to become thicker to change its shape; when muscle contracts, muscle fibers will shorten and thicken
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| Myosin and Actin | two types of protein filaments needed for contraction in a muscle cell
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| Fatigue | the state of muscle which occurs when waste products of contraction are not released completely; muscles cannot function properly
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| Calcium | an ion; we need it for muscle contraction
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| Rigor mortis | a state of rigidity in which protein constituents of muscle fibers coagulate due to lactic acid build up
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| Myoglobin | a compound that stores oxygen in the muscle cells
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| Glycogen | a compound in the muscle that stores glucose in muscle cells
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| Muscle function | Oxygen is necessary, if not- body builds up with lactic acid- wast product of metabolism; causes pain after strenuous exercise; Oxygen Debt- we need to take in more Oxygen to decrease the lactic acid
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| lactic acid | waste product of metabolism; causes pain after strenuous exercise
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| oxygen debt | we need to take in more oxygen to decrease the lactic acid
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| Effects of Exercise On The Body | vasodilation, improves breathing, weight control, increased muscle strength, decrease BP, decrease heart disease risk
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| Vasodilation | exercise causes it; increase in the diameter of blood vessels allowing more blood to the tissues
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| Improves Breathing | due to increased blood flow to the lungs
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| No Exercise | atrophy, contracture
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| Atrophy | when muscles are not used, they are going to decrease in size
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| Contracture | an abnormal shortening of a muscle; 40+ years old- gradual loss of muscle cells- decreases the size of the muscles and cause a loss of muscular power
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| Types of Muscle Contractions | tone(tonus), isotonic, isometric
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| Tone (tonus) | when muscles are in a state of readiness; tonus (of a muscle) refers to partially contracted state of a muscle if it is in a state of readiness, it is partially contracted
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| Isotonic | tone or tension remains the same but the muscle shortens to produce movement; it forms bulges Ex: lifting weights
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| Isometric | no change in muscle length, but an increase in muscle tension or tone Ex: push against wall
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| Mechanics of Muscle Movement | origin and insertion
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| Origin and Insertion | two attachments of muscle
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| Origin | fixed
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| Insertion | action
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| Tendons | attach muscle to bone
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| Aponeuroses | the attachment point of muscle to muscle
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| Prime movers | a movement performed by a muscle (contracts); without this we wouldn't have movement
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| Antagonist | go against, opposite movement (this muscle relaxes)
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| Names of Muscles | have to do with: what bone is nearby, its size or shape, directions of the fibers, the number of heads, the action of the muscle
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| Muscles of the Head | masseter, orbicularis oculi, obicularis oris, buccinator
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| Masseter | at the angle of the jaw; for chewing (mastication of food)
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| Orbicularis | a circular muscle; circumscribes or circles an axis or an orbit
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| Orbicularis oculi | surrounds each eye; allows the eye to squint
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| Orbicularis oris | surrounds the mouth; lips pucker
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| Buccinator | fleshy part of the cheek; aids in eating, whistleing and blowing
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| Muscles of the Neck | trapezius, sternocleidomastoid
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| Trapezius | muscle in the neck; extends into the upper back
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| Sternocleidomastoid | from the sternum (breast bone) to the mastoid process of the neck; Torticollis- AKA wry neck- can be permanent injury in the newborn due to the muscle being damaged
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| Torticollis | AKA wry neck; can be permanent injury in the newborn due to the muscle being damaged
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| Shoulder Muscles | trapezius, latissimus dorsi
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| Trapezius | part of shoulder and neck; triangle from the back of the neck extending across the back and the shoulders with inserts on the clavicle and the scapula; extends into the upper back
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| Latissimus dorsi | covers the vertebral spine from the mid to lower back and goes over the thoracic region
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| Arm Muscles | deltoid, biceps, triceps
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| Deltoid | site for IM (intramuscular) injections; the cap of the shoulder
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| Biceps | anterior portion; bends the elbow
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| Triceps | extend the forearm; extends the elbow
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| Finger Muscles | flexor digitorum, extensor digitorum
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| Flexor digitorum | flexes fingers
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| Extensor digitorum | extends fingers
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| Trunk Muscles | pectoralis major, intercostals, diaphragm, spinalis
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| Pectoralis major | "pecs"; in the breast region; flex arm across chest
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| Intercostals | between the ribs; enlarge the thoracic cavity on inspiration (breathing in)
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| Diaphragm | below the thoracic cavity, above the abdominal cavity; major muscle of respiration; will not be able to breath if it doesn't work
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| Spinalis | straightening of the spine and to maintain an erect posture; under the trapezius and Latissimus dorsi, next to the spine
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| Leg Muscles | gluteus maximus, hamstrings, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, Achilles' tendon, sartorius, tibialis
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| Gluteus Maximus | buttocks; also referred to as the gluteal muscle; gluteals (glutes); also an injection site; need it to run, walk, stand, lift
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| Hamstrings | posterior thigh; bend the knee
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| Quadriceps | opposite of hamstring; anterior thigh; straighten the knee
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| Vastus lateralis | injection site; used in small children
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| Vastus medialis | inner aspect of the thigh
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| Rectus femoris | in the middle of thigh
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| Gastrocnemius | calf muscle
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| Achilles' tendon | in the heel; largest tendon
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| Sartorius | tailor's muscle; enables tailor's to cross their leg; flexes thigh and rotates lower leg
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| Tibialis | a shin muscle; flexes the foot
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