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Stack #37856
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Types of Muscles | Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, Skeletal muscle |
| Smooth Muscle | visceral, involuntary and non-striated; contracts independently of will |
| Cardiac Muscle | involuntary |
| Skeletal Muscle | voluntary, striated; can be made to contract by nerve impulses; an act of will |
| Function of Muscles | Movement, Posture, Generate Heat |
| Movement | chief function to operate bones and produce motion |
| Posture | maintains tone- when muscles are in a state of readiness |
| tone | when muscles are in a state of readiness |
| Generate heat | muscles function best at normal body temperature |
| Structure of Muscles | arranged in bundles of muscle fibers called fasicles |
| Fasicles | bundles of muscle fibers in which muscles are arranged; held together by connective tissue- also forms tendons- attach muscle to bone; are tough cord-like structure |
| Action of Muscles | by irritability- the ability of the muscle tissue to receive and respond to stimuli |
| Neuromuscular Junction | the point at which a nerve fiber contracts a muscle cell and movement is stimulated |
| Synapse | point of communication between cells |
| Motor end plate | receiving membrane of the muscle cell |
| Action potential | the spreading wave of electrical current that calls muscles into action |
| Contraction | the ability of a muscle fiber to undergo shortening to change its shape and to become thicker to change its shape; when muscle contracts, muscle fibers will shorten and thicken |
| Myosin and Actin | two types of protein filaments needed for contraction in a muscle cell |
| Fatigue | the state of muscle which occurs when waste products of contraction are not released completely; muscles cannot function properly |
| Calcium | an ion; we need it for muscle contraction |
| Rigor mortis | a state of rigidity in which protein constituents of muscle fibers coagulate due to lactic acid build up |
| Myoglobin | a compound that stores oxygen in the muscle cells |
| Glycogen | a compound in the muscle that stores glucose in muscle cells |
| Muscle function | Oxygen is necessary, if not- body builds up with lactic acid- wast product of metabolism; causes pain after strenuous exercise; Oxygen Debt- we need to take in more Oxygen to decrease the lactic acid |
| lactic acid | waste product of metabolism; causes pain after strenuous exercise |
| oxygen debt | we need to take in more oxygen to decrease the lactic acid |
| Effects of Exercise On The Body | vasodilation, improves breathing, weight control, increased muscle strength, decrease BP, decrease heart disease risk |
| Vasodilation | exercise causes it; increase in the diameter of blood vessels allowing more blood to the tissues |
| Improves Breathing | due to increased blood flow to the lungs |
| No Exercise | atrophy, contracture |
| Atrophy | when muscles are not used, they are going to decrease in size |
| Contracture | an abnormal shortening of a muscle; 40+ years old- gradual loss of muscle cells- decreases the size of the muscles and cause a loss of muscular power |
| Types of Muscle Contractions | tone(tonus), isotonic, isometric |
| Tone (tonus) | when muscles are in a state of readiness; tonus (of a muscle) refers to partially contracted state of a muscle if it is in a state of readiness, it is partially contracted |
| Isotonic | tone or tension remains the same but the muscle shortens to produce movement; it forms bulges Ex: lifting weights |
| Isometric | no change in muscle length, but an increase in muscle tension or tone Ex: push against wall |
| Mechanics of Muscle Movement | origin and insertion |
| Origin and Insertion | two attachments of muscle |
| Origin | fixed |
| Insertion | action |
| Tendons | attach muscle to bone |
| Aponeuroses | the attachment point of muscle to muscle |
| Prime movers | a movement performed by a muscle (contracts); without this we wouldn't have movement |
| Antagonist | go against, opposite movement (this muscle relaxes) |
| Names of Muscles | have to do with: what bone is nearby, its size or shape, directions of the fibers, the number of heads, the action of the muscle |
| Muscles of the Head | masseter, orbicularis oculi, obicularis oris, buccinator |
| Masseter | at the angle of the jaw; for chewing (mastication of food) |
| Orbicularis | a circular muscle; circumscribes or circles an axis or an orbit |
| Orbicularis oculi | surrounds each eye; allows the eye to squint |
| Orbicularis oris | surrounds the mouth; lips pucker |
| Buccinator | fleshy part of the cheek; aids in eating, whistleing and blowing |
| Muscles of the Neck | trapezius, sternocleidomastoid |
| Trapezius | muscle in the neck; extends into the upper back |
| Sternocleidomastoid | from the sternum (breast bone) to the mastoid process of the neck; Torticollis- AKA wry neck- can be permanent injury in the newborn due to the muscle being damaged |
| Torticollis | AKA wry neck; can be permanent injury in the newborn due to the muscle being damaged |
| Shoulder Muscles | trapezius, latissimus dorsi |
| Trapezius | part of shoulder and neck; triangle from the back of the neck extending across the back and the shoulders with inserts on the clavicle and the scapula; extends into the upper back |
| Latissimus dorsi | covers the vertebral spine from the mid to lower back and goes over the thoracic region |
| Arm Muscles | deltoid, biceps, triceps |
| Deltoid | site for IM (intramuscular) injections; the cap of the shoulder |
| Biceps | anterior portion; bends the elbow |
| Triceps | extend the forearm; extends the elbow |
| Finger Muscles | flexor digitorum, extensor digitorum |
| Flexor digitorum | flexes fingers |
| Extensor digitorum | extends fingers |
| Trunk Muscles | pectoralis major, intercostals, diaphragm, spinalis |
| Pectoralis major | "pecs"; in the breast region; flex arm across chest |
| Intercostals | between the ribs; enlarge the thoracic cavity on inspiration (breathing in) |
| Diaphragm | below the thoracic cavity, above the abdominal cavity; major muscle of respiration; will not be able to breath if it doesn't work |
| Spinalis | straightening of the spine and to maintain an erect posture; under the trapezius and Latissimus dorsi, next to the spine |
| Leg Muscles | gluteus maximus, hamstrings, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, Achilles' tendon, sartorius, tibialis |
| Gluteus Maximus | buttocks; also referred to as the gluteal muscle; gluteals (glutes); also an injection site; need it to run, walk, stand, lift |
| Hamstrings | posterior thigh; bend the knee |
| Quadriceps | opposite of hamstring; anterior thigh; straighten the knee |
| Vastus lateralis | injection site; used in small children |
| Vastus medialis | inner aspect of the thigh |
| Rectus femoris | in the middle of thigh |
| Gastrocnemius | calf muscle |
| Achilles' tendon | in the heel; largest tendon |
| Sartorius | tailor's muscle; enables tailor's to cross their leg; flexes thigh and rotates lower leg |
| Tibialis | a shin muscle; flexes the foot |
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