Ecology and Climate
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| Biome: (Text Definition) | Group of similar ecosystems
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| Biome: (Andy's Definition) | Area with one dominant plant form which only applies to terrestrial land
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| Photic Zone: | Where light can penetrate, allows photosynthesis to occur
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| Aphotic Zone: | Insufficient light, very little life in this area (no p'sis)
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| Benthic: | Bottom
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| Pologic Zone: | Open water, all but benthic zone
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| What are chemical properties of lakes? | Oligotrophic: few nutrients (natural state), Eutotrophic: Lots of nutrients (death)
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| What are physical properties of wetlands? | Marsh or swamp that is either always wet or frequently flooded
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| What about photosynthetic organisms in wetlands? | Some of most productive in the world (p'sis occurs)
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| What are human impacts on wetlands? | Many destroyed for development (marsh Arabs and Saddam)
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| What are physical properties of Streams and rivers? | Current--they move
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| What is a human impact on streams and rivers? | "Cradle of civilization," because of rich soil for agriculture and import possibilities
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| What are the animals in estuaries? | Very diverse, fish crabs, worms, and birds that eat them
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| Intertidal zone: (physical) | Between low and high tide, affects light and oxygen levels (salt levels vary)
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| Intertidal zone: (Human impact) | Recreational purpose
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| Oceanic pelagic (Animals) | Open ocean (few tiny organims), but whales and squids are here
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| Coral reefs (photosynthetic) | Depend on algae living w/in them for p'sis
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| Coral reefs (Animals) | Most diverse aquatic system (fish, worms, shrimp)
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| Coral reefs (human impact) | Divers collect pieces of coral for aquarium or tourists, pollution affects algae= no p'sis
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| Marine Benthic (Physical) | Deep sea vents
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| Marine Benthic Photosynthetic organisms | No light= no p'sis
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| Tropical forest precipitation | High, 200 inches rain
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| Desert preceipitation | Low, dry
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| Define behavior: | What an animal does and how it does it
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| What are examples of behavior? | Feeding, mating, learning
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| Why does an aimal perform a certain behavior? | Approximate causes or immediate causes
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| Define approximate causes: | Pretty close causes
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| Immediate causes: | Genetic causes
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| Ultimate causes: | Long term causes
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| Nature: | Innate behavior, doesn't have to be learned
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| Nurture: | learned behaviors, controlled by environment
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| Behavior: | Historically, grew out of biology and psychology
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| What are the fields inovled with the study of behavior: | Comparative psychology and ethology
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| Comparative psychology inolves which kinds of causes? | Proximate causes, especially learning, work done in lab with rats and pigeons
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| Give an example of behavior in a psychological standpoint? | Study of prairie voles
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| Habibtuation: | Simple type of learning in which individual stops responding to repeated stmulus, gives no new info
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| Habituation is what type of method? | discrimination method where you expose subject to one stimulus until it does not respond anymore (habituates), and then you introduce a new stumulus
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| If subject can distinguish between the two stimuli, which one would it respond more to? | The last stimuli
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| the field of ethology is more interested in what type of causes? | Ultimate causes, so they go to natural environment
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| How do ethologist begin their studies? | by studying simple behaviors
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| Fixed action pattern: | behavior taht is always the same
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| Give an example of FAP | Female goose incubting eggs, when one is out of place, it moves beak back and forth ot get it back, will do this even if egg is taken away
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| Sign stimulus: | triggers FAP
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| Give an extensive example of the FAP | sign Stimuli: Lay eggs on dark shiny surfaces, FAP: lays eggs
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| Imprinting: | type of learning determined in part by genetic components
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| When does imprinting occur: | during sensitive period--set period of time early in development
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| How is the sensitive period determined? | Genetically
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| Give an example of imprinting | The ducklings following their mom cause it is her picture (stimuli) they see when they are hatched
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| What did ethology evolve into? | Behavioral ecology:
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| What is behavioral ecology? | Study of hebavior as an evolutionary adaptation to the environment
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| Home range: | Animals resides, mates, whatever, within this range
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| Why do skunks have dens near the edge of forest? | Food supplies from both sides...
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| Why does home range increase as latitute increases? | As food becomes scarce, it needs to look over a greater area to locate food
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| Why is the male home range greater than that of the female? | Needs more food, has multiple mates, so it needs more room to select a mate`
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| Secual selection: | Selection for mating success
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| Intersexual selection: | Mate choice by member of one sex for member of opposite sex
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| Often, who chooses the mate? | Female choose male
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| Intrasexual selection: | Competition within sex, males fighiting for a female
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| What is an example of intersexual selection? | Females in some species choose mates similar to their father (imprinting example, too)
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| Explain the zebra finches experiment: | They got a bunch of birds, threw feathers on certain of them, maintaining a control group, female mate choices were studied
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| What was the result of this experiment: | Females raised by cresless father had no preference, while females with crested fathers wanted a mate with a crest
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