Absolute Monarchs
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| Mary | Came to power in England as a result of the Glorious Revolution |
| James I | Calvinist king of Scotland inherited Elizabeth's English throne as well as her conflicts with Parliament |
| Philip II | Hardworking monarch and devout Catholic ruled the Spanish empire in the late 1500s |
| Charles I | English monarch sentenced to death by a Puritan government |
| Charles II | monarch who's reign is known as the Restoration |
| Henry IV | Founded the Bourbon dnasty and issued the Edict of Nantes |
| Louis XIII | Weak king of France whom Cardinal Richelieu served |
| Louis XIV | King of France who began his reign at the age of five and became France's most powerful monarch |
| Frederick II | King of Prussia started the War of Austrian Succession by seizing territories belonging to Austria |
| Peter the Great | King of Russia to gain a warm water port |
| Oliver Cromwell | Puritan leader abolished the English monarchy and ruled as a military dictator |
| Cardinal Richelieu | Minister to Louis XIII, took steps to strengthen the monarchy at the expense of the nobility and the Huguenots |
| Jean Baptiste Colbert | Minister of finance under Louis XIV who embraced mercantilism |
| Michel de Montaigne | French writer known for embracing skepticism and developing the essay form of literature |
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