A&P2-Class Notes P43 Immune Sys #12/Test3
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| When a B cell bonds with an antigen it: | undergoes CLONAL SELECTION
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| COLONAL SELECTION is: | rapid proliferation of the B cell
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| Each new B-cell bears the: | same antigen on its surface
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| Proliferation of B-cell results in: | a population of CLONES, most of which will become plasma cells
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| Some of the new clones will: | become MEMORY CELLS
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| PLASMA CELLS are cells that: | produce and secrete antibodies at the rate of 2,000 per second.
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| Life of Plasma cells: | 4-5 days
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| MEMORY CELLS are: | clone cells that do not actively produce antibodies
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| Memory cells circulate as: | long-lived carriers of the antibody recipe for that particular antigen
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| Memory Cells provide an: | immediate response when it meets the same antigen again
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| ANTIBODIES AKA: 3 | IMMUNOGLOBINS, Ig's, GAMMA GLOBULINS
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| Antibodies are molecules that constitute: | the gamma globulin portion or our plasma proteins
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| Antibodies each consist of: | four looping polypeptide chains that are linked by disulfide bonds
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| Antibodies have four chains: | two are HEAVY and two are LIGHT
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| HEAVY CHAINS have: | 400 amino acids each
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| LIGHT CHAINS have: | 200 amino acids each
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| The two heavy chains are: | identical to each other as are the two light chains
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| Each of the 4 chains have: | CONSTANT and VARIABLE regions
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| Within a class of antibodies, the constant regions are: | identical
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| Within a class of antibodies, the variable regions are: | different
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| Different classes of antibodies have: | different constant regions known as (C-regions)
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| Variable regions (V-regions) are called: | the ANTIGEN BINDING SITES
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| CLASSES OFANTIBODIES: 5 | IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE (MADGE)
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| PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE: | There is a rapid proliferation & differentiation of B-cells following a first-time exposure
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| SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE: | occurs upon re-exposure to an antigen.
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| An immediate activation of memory cells is: | SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
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| Autoimmune diseases-the body turns against: | itself, fails to recognize own cells as self & attacks them. Causes inflammation & destruction
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| Autoimmune Diseases include: 8 | Multiple sclerosis, Myasthenia gravis, Grave's disease, Juvenile diabetes mellitus (Type I), Systemic Lupus Erythematosis (SLE), Glomeronephritis, Hishimoto's Thyroditis, Rheumatoid Arthritis
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| Multiple sclerosis-the: | Myelin-sheaths in the CNS are gradually destroyed & replaced w/non-functional hardened sheaths called SCLEROSES
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| Myasthenia gravis-affects: | primarily skeletal muscles. Inhibits transmission of nerve impulses vic ACh.
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| Grave's disease: | causes production of excessive amounts of thyroxine
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| Juvenile diabetes mellitus: | (known as Type I) Systematic autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas
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| Systemic Lupus Erythematosis (SLE): | Primarily females affected. Diagnosis via ANA (antinuclear antibody test)
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| BUTTERFLY RASH (across face) is: | common symptom of Systemic Lupus Erythematosis
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| Glomeronephritis | severe impairment of renal function
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| Hashimoto's Thytoiditis-Thyroglobin is released into bloodstream: | due to trauma to thyroid gland causing rupture of thyroid follicles. Released material regarded as a foreign object in blood stream and provokes immune response.
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| Rheumatoid Arthritis | Systematically destroys joints (cells that make up membrane lining)
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| IgD -Class of Antibodies: Monomer | antigen receptor site of a B-cell; important in B-cell activation; attached to surface of B-cells and function as receptor to activate b-cell
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| IgM class of antibodies: Pentamer | Monomers formed are receptors of B-cell surfaces. Released into blood by plasma cells. The are the first Ig class released during primary immune response. Fix and activate complement
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| IgG class of antibodies: Monomer | Most abundant antibody (75-85%) in plasma; Main antibody of both primary and secondary immune responses; Protects against bacteria. Confers passive immunity to fetus by crossing placenta (only Ig to do so)
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| IgA class of antibodies: Dimer | Found in body secretions such as mucus, swat and siliva; Helps prevent attachment to pathogens to epithelial cells.
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| IgE class of antibodies: Monomer | Secteted by plasma cells in skin, mucosa, GI tract and respiratory tract. Binds to mast & basophil cells to stimulate release of allergic & imflammatory chemicals such as histamine. Are therefore involved in allergic responses.
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