lljlasd
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| Through, between, complete, apart | dia-
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| Hernia, tumor, swelling | -cele
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| Urinary bladder, cyst, sac or fluid | cyst/o
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| Stretching, dialation, enlargement | -ectasis
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| Glomerulus | glomerul/o
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| Stone, calculus | lith/o
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| Setting free, destruction | -lysis
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| Kidney | nephr/o
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| Surgical fixation | -pexy
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| Renal pelvis, bowl of kidney | pyel/o
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| Kidney | ren/o
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| To crush | -tripsy
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| Ureter | ureter/o
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| Urethra | urethr/o
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| Urination, urine | -uria
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| A state of equilibrium that produces a constant internal enviornment throught the body | homeostasis
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| Major waste product of protein metabolism | urea
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| Pertaining to the kidneys | renal
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| The outer layer of the kidney | renal cortex
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| Inner layer that contrains most of the urine-collection tubules | medulla
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| Functional units of the kidneys | nephrons
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| Cluster of capillaries surrounded by a membrane called the Bowman's capsule | glomerulus
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| The pigment that gives urine its normal yellow-amber or straw color. The color of urine can be influenced by normal factors such as the amount of liquid consumed or by diseases and medications | urochrome
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| Narrow tubes, each 10 to 12 inches long. Each of these carries urine from a kidney to the urinary bladder | ureters
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| A hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine. It is located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity behind the pubic symphysis and stores about 1 pint of urine. In a pregnant woman, the uterus resting on the bladder may decrease its capacity | urinary bladder
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| Tube extending from the bladder to the outside of the body | urethra
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| Ringlike muscle that closes a passageway | sphincter
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| External opening of the urethra | urethral meatus/urinary meatus
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| Approximately 1.5 inches long. The urethral meatus is located between the clitoris and the opening of the vagina. In the female, this conveys only urine | female urethra
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| Approximately 8 inches long and the urethral meatus is located at the tip of the penis. In the male, this conveys both urine and semen. The neck of it is surrounded by the prostate gland | male urethra
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| Normal process of excreting urine. This requires the coordinated contration of the bladder muscles and relaxation of the sphincters. This forces the urine through the urethra and out through the urinary meatus. | urination/micturition
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| Specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys | nephrologist
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| Specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males | urologist
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| Inability of the kidney or kidneys to perform their functions. The body cannot replace damaged nephrons. When too many nephrons have been destroyed, the result is kidney failure | renal failure/kidney failure
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| Complete suppression (stopping) of urine formation by the kidneys | anuria/anuresis
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| A toxic condition caused by excessive amount of urea and other waste products in the bloodstream. q | uremia/uremic poisoning
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| Sudden onset and is characterized by uremia. This may be caused by many factors, including a drop in blood volume or blood pressure due to injury or surgery | acute renal failure/ARF
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| Progressive disease that may be caused by a variety of conditions. When kidney function is insufficient, dialysis or transplantation is required | chronic renal failure/CRF
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| Refers to the late stages of chronic renal failure | end-stage renal disease/ESRD
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| General group of kidney diseases | nephrotic syndrome
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| Excessive fluid in the body tissue | edema
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| Abnormally high concentration of protein (albumin) in the urine | hyperproteinuria
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| Abnormally low concentration of protein (albumin) in the blood | hypoproteinemia
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| Abnormally large amount of lipids in the blood | hyperlipidemia
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| Diseases of the kidney and these terms are used interchangeably with nephrotic syndrome | nephrosis/nephropathy
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| Result of the damage to the kidney's capillary blood vessels that is caused by long-term diabetes mellitus | diabetic nephropathy
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| An inflammation of the kidney involving primarily the glomeruli. In acute __, the urine is dark brown or black in color. This condition is often related to an autoimmune problem | glomerulonephritis
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| The dialation (enlargement) of the renal pelvis of one or both kidneys. This is the result of an obstruction of the flow of urine | hydronephrosis
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| The distention of a kidney | nephrectasis
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| An inflammation of the kidney | nephritis
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| The downward displacement of the kidney | nephroptosis/"floating kidney"
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| Suppuration of the kidney | nephropyosis
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| Formation or discharge of pus | suppuration
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| An inflammation of the renal pelvis | pyelitis
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| An inflammation of the renal pelvis and of the kidney | pyelonephritis
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| An acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a kidney stone | renal colic
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| Abornmal mineral deposit. These vary in size from small sandlike granules to the size of marbles and are named for the organ or tissue where they are located | stone/calculus
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| A disorder characterized by the presence of stones in the kidney | nephrolithiasis
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| Distention (stretching out) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked | hydroureter
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| Distention of a ureter | ureterectasis
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| Discharge of blood from the ureter | ureterorrhagia
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| A stricture of the ureter | ureterostenosis
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| Abnormal band of tissue narrowing a body passage | stricture
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| Pain in the urinary bladder | cystalgia/cystodynia
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| An inflammation of the bladder | cystitis
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| An inflammation within the wall of the bladder. This is a chronic condition with symptoms similar to those of cystitis | interstitial cystitis
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| A hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall | cystocele
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| Bleeding from the bladder | cystorrhagia
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| Usually begin in the bladder. These infections occur more frequently in women because of the shortness of the urethra and the proximity of its opening to the vagina and rectum | urinary tract infections/UTIs
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| An abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina | vesicovaginal fissure
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| Blockage of the urethra can cause urine to back up into the ureters, called ___. This can eventually result in damage to the kidneys | reflux
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| Pain in the urethra | urethralgia
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| An inflammation of the urethra | urethritis
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| Bleeding from the urethra | urethrorrhagia
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| An abnormal discharge from the urethra | urethrorrhea
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| The stricture or stenosis of the urethra | urethrostenosis
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| In the male, is a congenital abnormality in which the urethral opening is located on the dorsal (upper surface) of the penis. In the female, the urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris | epispadias
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| In the male, a congenital abormality in which the urethral opening is on the undersurface of the penis. In the female, the urethral opening is into the vagina. | hypospadias
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| A congential abnormality in males in which the urethral opening is on one side of the penis | paraspadias
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| Increased excretion of urine | diuresis
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| Difficult or painful urination. This condition is frequently associated with UTIs | dysuria
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| The involuntary discharge of urine | enuresis
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| Involuntary discharge that occurs during sleep, bed-wetting | nocturnal enuresis
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| Excessive urination during the night | nocturia
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| Scanty urination | oliguria
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| Excessive urination | polyuria
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| The inability to void or empty the bladder | urinary retention
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| The inability to control excretory functions | incontinence
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| Inability to control the voiding of urine | urinary incontinence
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| Inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing | urinary stress incontinence
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| When urination occurs involuntarily as soon as an urgent desire to urinate is felt. This urge may be triggered by physical movement rather than by a full bladder | urge incontinence
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| Insertion of a sterile catheter through the urethra and into the urinary bladder. This is most commonly performed to withdraw urine, relieve urinary retention pressures, or prevent incontinence during surgical procedures | catheterization
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| Visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope | cystoscopy/cysto
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| Used for treatment procedures such as the removal or tumors | cystoscope
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| A radiographic (x-ray) study of the kidneys and ureters in which iodine is injected into a vein as a contrast medium to define these structures more clearly | intravenous pyelogram/IVP
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| A radiographic study of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder without the use of a contrast medium. This study is also referred to as a flat-plate of the abdomen | KUB
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| The radiographic visualization of the urinary tract with the use of a contrast medium. The resulting record is called a urogram | intravenous urography
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| Named because it traces the action of the kidney as it processes and excretes dye injected into the bloodstream | excretory urography
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| A radiograph of the urinary system taken after dye has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward (backward) through the urinary tract | retrograde urography
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| A radiographic examination of the bladder after installation of a contrast medium via a urethral catheter. The resulting film is called a cystogram | cystography
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| May be performed after cystography. In this diagnostic procedure a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra | voiding cystourethrography/VCUG
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| Examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements | urinalysis
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| Medications administered to increase urine secretion to rid the body of excess sodium and water | diuretics
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| Procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function | dialysis
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| Filters waste products from the patient's blood. A shunt implanted in the patient's arm is connected to the artificial kidney machine and areterial blood flows through the filters. After removed the blood is returned to the body through a vein | hemodialysis/HD
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| A solution made up of water and electrolytes, which remove excess fluids and waste from the blood | dialysate
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| The lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood. Dialysate is run into the peritoneal cavity and the fluid is exchanged through a catheter implanted in the abdominal wall. Used for renal failure and certain poisoning. | peritoneal dialysis
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| Provides ongoing dialysis as the patient goes about daily activity. In this procedure dialysate is instilled from a plastic container worn under clothing. Every 6 to 8 hrs the used solution is drained back into bag and discarded. Continue process | continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis/CAPD
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| Uses a machine to cycle the dialysate fluid during the night while the patient sleeps | continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis/CCPD
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| The grafting of a donor kidney into the body to replace the recipient's failed kidney | renal transplant/kidney transplant
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| Freeing of a kidney from adhesions or a pathologic condition in which there is the destruction of kidney substance | nephrolysis
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| A band of fibers that holds structures together abnormally | adhesions
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| Surgical fixation of a floating kidney | nephropexy
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| Establishment of an opening between the pelvis of the kidney through its cortex to the exterior of the body | nephrostomy
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| Surgical repair of the renal pelvis | pyeloplasty
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| Surgical incision into the renal pelvis | pyelotomy
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| Destruction of a kidney stone with the use of ultrasonic waves traveling through water | lithotripsy/extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy/ESWL
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| Surgical removal of a kidney stone through an incision in the kidney | nephrolithotomy
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| Surgical removal of a ureter | ureterectomy
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| Surgical repair of a ureter | ureteroplasty
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| Suture a ureter | urterorrhaphy
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| Surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder | cystectomy
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| Surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall | cystopexy
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| Suturing of the bladder | cystorrhapy
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| Surgical incision for the removal of a stone, usually from the bladder. This term is also used to describe a physical examination position | lithotomy
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| An indwelling catheter placed into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone | suprapubic catheter
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| Something that remains inside the body for a prolonged time | indwelling
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| An incision of the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening | meatotomy
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| Surgical fixation of the urethra usually for the correction of urinary stress incontinence | urethropexy
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| Surgical repair of the urethra | urethroplasty
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| Surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin | urethrostomy
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| Surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture | urethrotomy
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| Abnormal band of tissue narrowing a body passage | stricture
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| Maintain proper balance of water, salts and acids in body fluids by removing excess fluids from body. Constantly filter blood to remove urea and waste materials. Convert wastes and excess fluids into urine and excrete them from the body. | To achieve homeostasis in the urinary system:
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