Abnormal psych, chapters 1,2,4,5
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| Approaches to defining abnormality | Norm Violation, Statistical Rarity, Personal Discomfort, Maladaptive Behavior
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| Norm violation | violating the rights/wrongs defined by society
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| Statistical rarity | deviating from the average, bell curve
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| Personal discomfort | something causing a person distress or alarm
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| maladaptive behavior | behavior patterns that prevent demands of life from being met
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| harmful dysfunction | includes both a factual and value component, dysfunction and harm
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| medical model | each disorder has its specific set of symptoms and cause
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| criticisms of medical model | -medical way of thinking -not all disorders have biological cause -labeling -gave people an excuse of their behavior since they were "sick"
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| psychological model | disorder is caused by psychological processes and environment interaction
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| psychological perspectives | psychodynamic behavioral cognitive interpersonal sociocultural
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| deinstitutionalization | discharge of thousands of patients from asylums
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| psychogenic theories | theory that psychological disturbance is due primarily to stress -came from study of hypnosis at Nancy School
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| goals of assessment and diagnosis | description prescription
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| criticism of DSM diagnosis | -diagnosis tied to medical model -falsifies reality -gives illusion of explanation -diagnostic labeling
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| axis of DSM | I-clinical syndromes II-personality disorders and mental retardation III-general medical disorders IV-psychosocial and environmental problems V-global assessment of functioning
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| assessment types | interview psychological tests laboratory tests natural setting observations
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| interview | face to face conversation -structured and unstructured weakness: bias of interviewer
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| psychological tests | based on psychometric approach, standard procedures with objective scoring - IQ, projective personality tests, self report inventory (most frequently used), neuropsychological tests strengths: takes into account individual differences
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| laboratory tests | measures the function of nervous system strengths: detects psychogenic disorders, reals things patient may be unaware of, more precise than other measures weakness: interpreting psychological significance
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| natural setting observation | takes into consideration the person and the environment interaction strengths: no self report, assessment of person and situation weaknesses: time and interpretation, presence of observer maybe be reactive
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| projective hypothesis | under conditions of assigning meaning to ambiguous stimuli, persons unconscious motives will manifest
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| psychometric approach | locating underlying characteristics or traits
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| MMPI-2 | minessota multiphasic personality inventory *most widely used self report test -compares subjects answers to diagnostic groups and interprets pattern of responces
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| assumptions of behavioral approach | -views behavior as a result of environment and learning
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| Thorndike | came up with law of effect -the relation between behavior and consequence ex: behaviors leading to good consequences are strengthened
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| Skinner | Operant conditioning
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| Operant conditioning | the increase/decrease of a behavior though its consequences -reinforcement and punishment
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| Pavlov | Classical conditioning (respondent conditioning) -neutral stimulus placed with non neutral stimulus for learning *salvating dogs
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| Watson | "Father of behaviorism" -psychology should focus on observable and measurable behavior -emotions are a conditioned responce (*little albert)
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| Pavlonian/ Respondent conditioning(classical) | matching an ucs with a ucr (the natural behavior) with a cs and a cr (the desired response)
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| positive reinforcement | consequence that strengthens response
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| negative reinforcement | consequence that strengthens the response by taking a stimulus away
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| punishment | suppresses a behavior
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| extinction | elimination of a response through removal of reinforcer
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| generalization | responding the same to similar stimuli
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| shaping | reinforcing every successive approximation of desired responce
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| discrimination | learning to distinguish response between similar stimulus and appropriate stimulus
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| behavioral therapy techniques | systematic desensitization exposure contingency management
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